The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise of William Randolph Hearst (94 page)
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43
Ibid., 145.
Ibid., 145.
44
New York Herald,
February 16, 1898.
New York Herald,
February 16, 1898.
45
H.W. Brands,
T.R. The Last Romantic
(New York: Basic Books, 1997), 325.
H.W. Brands,
T.R. The Last Romantic
(New York: Basic Books, 1997), 325.
46
Rickover, op. cit., 45; Kobre,
Development,
op. cit., 500; Wilkerson, op. cit., 101.
Rickover, op. cit., 45; Kobre,
Development,
op. cit., 500; Wilkerson, op. cit., 101.
47
New York Journal,
February 17, 1898.
New York Journal,
February 17, 1898.
48
New York Journal,
February 17, 1898.
New York Journal,
February 17, 1898.
49
New York Journal,
February 18, 1898.
New York Journal,
February 18, 1898.
50
Ibid.
Ibid.
51
WRH to James Creelman, Creelman Papers.
WRH to James Creelman, Creelman Papers.
52
Ibid.
Ibid.
53
New York Journal,
February 20, 1898, February 21, 1898.
New York Journal,
February 20, 1898, February 21, 1898.
54
New York Journal,
February 26, 1898.
New York Journal,
February 26, 1898.
55
New York Journal,
February 23, 1898
New York Journal,
February 23, 1898
56
New York Journal,
March 19, 1898.
New York Journal,
March 19, 1898.
57
Brian, op. cit., 231.
Brian, op. cit., 231.
58
New York Journal,
February 17, 1898.
New York Journal,
February 17, 1898.
59
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 138.
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 138.
60
New York Journal,
February 20, 1898.
New York Journal,
February 20, 1898.
61
New York
Sun,
February 19, 1896.
New York
Sun,
February 19, 1896.
62
New York Tribune,
February 17, 1898.
New York Tribune,
February 17, 1898.
63
New York Tribune,
February 17, 1898.
New York Tribune,
February 17, 1898.
64
New York Times,
February 18, 1898;
New York Tribune,
February 19, 1898.
New York Times,
February 18, 1898;
New York Tribune,
February 19, 1898.
65
Millis, op. cit., 108.
Millis, op. cit., 108.
66
Offner, op. cit., 123.
Offner, op. cit., 123.
67
Dana, op. cit., 43.
Dana, op. cit., 43.
68
The
Nation,
March 3, 1898, cited in Campbell,
Yellow,
op. cit., 103; William M. Armstrong,
The Gilded Age Letters of E.L. Godkin
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1974), 177.
The
Nation,
March 3, 1898, cited in Campbell,
Yellow,
op. cit., 103; William M. Armstrong,
The Gilded Age Letters of E.L. Godkin
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1974), 177.
69
Armstrong, ibid., 170.
Armstrong, ibid., 170.
70
Ibid., 177.
Ibid., 177.
71
New York Evening Post,
February 16, 1898.
New York Evening Post,
February 16, 1898.
72
New York Evening Post,
February 19, 1898.
New York Evening Post,
February 19, 1898.
73
New York Evening Post,
February 21, 1898.
New York Evening Post,
February 21, 1898.
74
New York Evening Post,
February 18, 1898.
New York Evening Post,
February 18, 1898.
75
Ferdinand Lundberg,
Imperial Hearst: A Social Biography
(New York: Equinox Cooperative Press, 1936).
Ferdinand Lundberg,
Imperial Hearst: A Social Biography
(New York: Equinox Cooperative Press, 1936).
76
Armstrong, op. cit., 177.
Armstrong, op. cit., 177.
77
Offner, op. cit., 129.
Offner, op. cit., 129.
78
Walter LaFeber,
The New Empire
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963), 349.
Walter LaFeber,
The New Empire
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963), 349.
79
Redfield Proctor, “Cuban Reconcentration Policy and its Effects—A Speech,” The Spanish American War Centennial Website.
Redfield Proctor, “Cuban Reconcentration Policy and its Effects—A Speech,” The Spanish American War Centennial Website.
80
Gould,
Spanish-American War,
op. cit., 40.
Gould,
Spanish-American War,
op. cit., 40.
81
Wisan, op. cit., 416.
Wisan, op. cit., 416.
82
New York Journal,
March 18, 1898.
New York Journal,
March 18, 1898.
83
French Ensor Chadwick,
The Relations of the United States and Spain: Diplomacy
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909), 561.
French Ensor Chadwick,
The Relations of the United States and Spain: Diplomacy
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909), 561.
84
New York Journal,
April 7, 1898.
New York Journal,
April 7, 1898.
85
Dallek, op. cit., 203-212.
Dallek, op. cit., 203-212.
86
Ray Stannard Baker, “How the News of the War is Reported,”
McClure’s,
XI (September, 1898): 491-495.
Ray Stannard Baker, “How the News of the War is Reported,”
McClure’s,
XI (September, 1898): 491-495.
87
Wisan, op. cit., 458; Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 144; Brown, op. cit., 440, 445; Marcus M. Wilkerson,
Public Opinion and the Spanish-American War: A Study in War Propaganda
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1932), 131; Carlson and Bates,
Hearst: Lord of San Simeon,
op. cit., 92.
Wisan, op. cit., 458; Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 144; Brown, op. cit., 440, 445; Marcus M. Wilkerson,
Public Opinion and the Spanish-American War: A Study in War Propaganda
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1932), 131; Carlson and Bates,
Hearst: Lord of San Simeon,
op. cit., 92.
88
Nasaw, op. cit., 125.
Nasaw, op. cit., 125.
89
Offner, op. cit., ix.
Offner, op. cit., ix.
90
Dallek, op. cit., 203-212.
Dallek, op. cit., 203-212.
91
Linderman, op. cit., 148-151.
Linderman, op. cit., 148-151.
92
Several studies [all cited in Richard F. Hamilton,
President McKinley, War and Empire
(New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2006)] purport to show that regional newspapers were more cautious and deliberate than the Hearst and Pulitzer dailies in response to the Cuban story. But the flows of opinion they find in the regional press are often consistent with the actual contents of the yellow press.
Several studies [all cited in Richard F. Hamilton,
President McKinley, War and Empire
(New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2006)] purport to show that regional newspapers were more cautious and deliberate than the Hearst and Pulitzer dailies in response to the Cuban story. But the flows of opinion they find in the regional press are often consistent with the actual contents of the yellow press.
93
Linderman, op. cit., 152.
Linderman, op. cit., 152.
94
Brown, op. cit., 57; Linderman, ibid., 163; Brown, op. cit., 107-108.
Brown, op. cit., 57; Linderman, ibid., 163; Brown, op. cit., 107-108.
95
Wisan, op. cit., 379; Millis, op. cit., 98.
Wisan, op. cit., 379; Millis, op. cit., 98.
96
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 119; Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 230.
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 119; Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 230.
97
Linderman, op. cit., 168.
Linderman, op. cit., 168.
98
Brown, op. cit., 52.
Brown, op. cit., 52.
99
Offner, op. cit., ix, 192; Hamilton, op. cit., 234; Leech, op. cit., 180-182.
Offner, op. cit., ix, 192; Hamilton, op. cit., 234; Leech, op. cit., 180-182.
100
Phillips, op. cit., 94-96; Gould,
Spanish-American War,
op. cit., 52.
Phillips, op. cit., 94-96; Gould,
Spanish-American War,
op. cit., 52.
101
James Bryce,
The American Commonwealth,
vol. II (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 275.
James Bryce,
The American Commonwealth,
vol. II (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 275.
102
Samantha Power,
A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2003), xv.
Samantha Power,
A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2003), xv.
103
Ibid., xvii.
Ibid., xvii.
104
Ibid., xviii.
Ibid., xviii.
105
Offner, op. cit., 190-191.
Offner, op. cit., 190-191.
1
William Allen White,
Forty Years on Main Street
(New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1937), 348-349.
William Allen White,
Forty Years on Main Street
(New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1937), 348-349.
2
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 143.
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 143.
3
Trask, op. cit., 155-56.
Trask, op. cit., 155-56.
4
Brown, op. cit., 156; Trask, ibid., 156-157.
Brown, op. cit., 156; Trask, ibid., 156-157.
5
New York Times,
August 7, 1898.
New York Times,
August 7, 1898.
6
Abbot, op. cit., 223.
Abbot, op. cit., 223.
7
New York Journal,
May 5, 1898.
New York Journal,
May 5, 1898.
8
Brown, op. cit., 446.
Brown, op. cit., 446.
9
Baker, op. cit., 491-495.
Baker, op. cit., 491-495.
10
New York Herald,
April 2, 1898, April 6, 1898.
New York Herald,
April 2, 1898, April 6, 1898.
11
New York Tribune,
April 1, 1898.
New York Tribune,
April 1, 1898.
12
Dallek, op. cit., 216.
Dallek, op. cit., 216.
13
Lubow, op. cit., 155-156.
Lubow, op. cit., 155-156.
14
Ibid., 158.
Ibid., 158.
15
Ibid., 166.
Ibid., 166.
16
Charles Belmont Davis, op. cit., 174.
Charles Belmont Davis, op. cit., 174.
17
New York Herald,
April, 28, 1898, April 29, 1898, April 30, 1898; Lubow, op. cit., 158; Brown, op. cit., 163.
New York Herald,
April, 28, 1898, April 29, 1898, April 30, 1898; Lubow, op. cit., 158; Brown, op. cit., 163.
18
Trask, op. cit., 95-105.
Trask, op. cit., 95-105.
19
New York Herald,
May 2, 1898, May 3, 1898.
New York Herald,
May 2, 1898, May 3, 1898.
20
New York Herald,
May 8, 1898.
New York Herald,
May 8, 1898.
21
New York Herald,
May 1, 1898.
New York Herald,
May 1, 1898.
22
New York Herald,
April 22, 1898, May 7, 1898, May 4, 1898.
New York Herald,
April 22, 1898, May 7, 1898, May 4, 1898.
23
New York Journal,
May 8, 1898.
New York Journal,
May 8, 1898.
24
New York Herald,
May 6, 1898.
New York Herald,
May 6, 1898.
25
Brown, op. cit., 183.
Brown, op. cit., 183.
26
New York Tribune,
May 2, 1898.
New York Tribune,
May 2, 1898.
27
Ibid.
Ibid.
28
New York Tribune,
May 12, 1898.
New York Tribune,
May 12, 1898.
29
New York Herald,
May 6, 1898, May 8, 1898
New York Herald,
May 6, 1898, May 8, 1898
30
New York Journal,
May 2, 1898.
New York Journal,
May 2, 1898.
31
New York Journal,
May 2, 1898, May 6, 1898
New York Journal,
May 2, 1898, May 6, 1898
32
Charles S. Wheeler, “Brief on behalf of the executors of the estate of Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst. . . .” Charles S. Wheeler Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 7, 8.
Charles S. Wheeler, “Brief on behalf of the executors of the estate of Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst. . . .” Charles S. Wheeler Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 7, 8.
33
Baker, op. cit., 491-495.
Baker, op. cit., 491-495.
34
Brown, op. cit., 445;
The Fourth Estate,
July 21, 1898; Baker, ibid.
Brown, op. cit., 445;
The Fourth Estate,
July 21, 1898; Baker, ibid.
35
Arthur Brisbane to Sylvester Scovel, March 3, 1898, Scovel Papers.
Arthur Brisbane to Sylvester Scovel, March 3, 1898, Scovel Papers.
36
Arthur Brisbane, “The Modern Newspaper in War Time,”
Cosmopolitan,
September, 1898.
Arthur Brisbane, “The Modern Newspaper in War Time,”
Cosmopolitan,
September, 1898.
37
The Newspaper Maker,
June (date unknown), 1898.
The Newspaper Maker,
June (date unknown), 1898.
38
Smythe, op. cit., 190.
Smythe, op. cit., 190.
39
The Newspaper Maker,
July 15, 1898; Brown, op. cit., 446.
The Newspaper Maker,
July 15, 1898; Brown, op. cit., 446.
40
New York
World,
May 8, 1898.
New York
World,
May 8, 1898.
41
Barrett,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 178.
Barrett,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 178.
42
New York Journal,
May 8, 1898.
New York Journal,
May 8, 1898.
43
Brown, op. cit., 201.
Brown, op. cit., 201.
44
Michelson, op. cit., 90.
Michelson, op. cit., 90.
45
Milton, op. cit., 285.
Milton, op. cit., 285.
46
Brown, op. cit., 266; New York
Journal,
June 6, 1898.
Brown, op. cit., 266; New York
Journal,
June 6, 1898.
47
The Fourth Estate,
April 14, 1898.
The Fourth Estate,
April 14, 1898.
48
Brisbane, “The Modern Newspaper in War Time,” op. cit.
Brisbane, “The Modern Newspaper in War Time,” op. cit.
49
New York
World,
June 8, 1898.
New York
World,
June 8, 1898.
50
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 148.
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 148.
51
New York
World,
June 9, 1898.
New York
World,
June 9, 1898.
52
New York Journal,
June 10, 1898.
New York Journal,
June 10, 1898.
53
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 149.
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 149.
54
Terhune, op. cit., 133.
Terhune, op. cit., 133.
55
WRH to James Creelman, May 26, 1898, Creelman Papers.
WRH to James Creelman, May 26, 1898, Creelman Papers.
56
Creelman,
On the Great Highway,
op. cit., 189-191.
Creelman,
On the Great Highway,
op. cit., 189-191.
57
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
58
Trask, op. cit., 190; Musicant, op. cit., 354.
Trask, op. cit., 190; Musicant, op. cit., 354.
59
John C. Hemment,
Cannon and Camera: Sea and Land Battles of the Spanish-American War in Cuba, Camp Life, and the Return of the Soldiers
(New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1898), 72-73.
John C. Hemment,
Cannon and Camera: Sea and Land Battles of the Spanish-American War in Cuba, Camp Life, and the Return of the Soldiers
(New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1898), 72-73.
60
New York Journal,
June 29, 1898.
New York Journal,
June 29, 1898.
61
Trask, op. cit., 190; Musicant, op. cit., 354.
Trask, op. cit., 190; Musicant, op. cit., 354.
62
Milton, op. cit., 309; Musicant, ibid.
Milton, op. cit., 309; Musicant, ibid.
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