The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise of William Randolph Hearst (91 page)
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75
New York Times,
March 4, 1897.
New York Times,
March 4, 1897.
76
WRH to James Creelman, undated, Creelman Papers.
WRH to James Creelman, undated, Creelman Papers.
77
Campbell,
Year,
op. cit., 26.
Campbell,
Year,
op. cit., 26.
78
New York Times,
November 11, 1897.
New York Times,
November 11, 1897.
79
The Journalist,
May 1, 1897.
The Journalist,
May 1, 1897.
80
Ibid.
Ibid.
81
The Journalist,
June 1, 1897.
The Journalist,
June 1, 1897.
82
Bradford Merrill to James Creelman, June 5, 1896, Creelman Papers.
Bradford Merrill to James Creelman, June 5, 1896, Creelman Papers.
83
W. R. Hearst, “Pacific Coast Journalism,”
Overland Monthly,
April, 1888; Steffans, “Hearst, Man of Mystery,” op. cit., 11-12.
W. R. Hearst, “Pacific Coast Journalism,”
Overland Monthly,
April, 1888; Steffans, “Hearst, Man of Mystery,” op. cit., 11-12.
84
Harry H. Stein, “Apprenticing Reporters: Lincoln Steffens on ‘The Evening Post,’”
The Historian
58 (1996).
Harry H. Stein, “Apprenticing Reporters: Lincoln Steffens on ‘The Evening Post,’”
The Historian
58 (1996).
85
The Journalist,
July 17, 1897.
The Journalist,
July 17, 1897.
86
Hazel Dicken-Garcia,
Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America,
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 138.
Hazel Dicken-Garcia,
Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America,
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 138.
87
Ibid., 189.
Ibid., 189.
88
New York Times,
March 4, 1897.
New York Times,
March 4, 1897.
89
Dunlop, op. cit., 176.
Dunlop, op. cit., 176.
90
New York Times,
March 12, 1897.
New York Times,
March 12, 1897.
91
New York Journal,
October 12, 1897.
New York Journal,
October 12, 1897.
1
Ford, op. cit., 263.
Ford, op. cit., 263.
2
New York Times,
March 28, 1895, July 16, 1896; Ruth Woodman, “A Brief History of the New York Yacht Club,” 1952, Ruth Cornwall Woodman Papers, University of Oregon Libraries, Eugene, Oregon.
New York Times,
March 28, 1895, July 16, 1896; Ruth Woodman, “A Brief History of the New York Yacht Club,” 1952, Ruth Cornwall Woodman Papers, University of Oregon Libraries, Eugene, Oregon.
3
Winkler, op. cit., 180.
Winkler, op. cit., 180.
4
Allen Churchill,
The Great White Way
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1962), 13.
Allen Churchill,
The Great White Way
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1962), 13.
5
Churchill,
The Great White Way,
op. cit., 6.
Churchill,
The Great White Way,
op. cit., 6.
6
Ibid., 30.
Ibid., 30.
7
Felix Isman,
Weber and Fields
(New York: Boni & Liveright, 1924), 253.
Felix Isman,
Weber and Fields
(New York: Boni & Liveright, 1924), 253.
8
Nasaw, op, cit., 27.
Nasaw, op, cit., 27.
9
Churchill,
The Great White Way,
op. cit., 34-35.
Churchill,
The Great White Way,
op. cit., 34-35.
10
Dreiser, op. cit., 542.
Dreiser, op. cit., 542.
11
Churchill,
The Great White Way,
op. cit., 3-10.
Churchill,
The Great White Way,
op. cit., 3-10.
12
Nasaw, op, cit., 28.
Nasaw, op, cit., 28.
13
Older,
William Randolph Hearst,
op. cit., 58.
Older,
William Randolph Hearst,
op. cit., 58.
14
Cobb, op. cit., 123.
Cobb, op. cit., 123.
15
Nasaw, op, cit., 114.
Nasaw, op, cit., 114.
16
New York Times,
December 9, 1896.
New York Times,
December 9, 1896.
17
Winkler, op. cit., 131.
Winkler, op. cit., 131.
18
Pizzitola, op. cit., 14.
Pizzitola, op. cit., 14.
19
Adela Rogers St. Johns,
The Honeycomb
(New York: Doubleday, 1969), 132.
Adela Rogers St. Johns,
The Honeycomb
(New York: Doubleday, 1969), 132.
20
Anne Apperson Flint to W. A. Swanberg, Swanberg Papers.
Anne Apperson Flint to W. A. Swanberg, Swanberg Papers.
21
Ibid.
Ibid.
22
The Journalist,
August 14, 1897.
The Journalist,
August 14, 1897.
23
The Journalist,
October 9, 1897.
The Journalist,
October 9, 1897.
24
Nasaw, op, cit., 161.
Nasaw, op, cit., 161.
25
New York Times,
March 9, 1906.
New York Times,
March 9, 1906.
26
Nasaw, op, cit., 134-135.
Nasaw, op, cit., 134-135.
27
Ibid., 135.
Ibid., 135.
28
Upton Sinclair,
The Industrial Republic,
(New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1907), 203.
Upton Sinclair,
The Industrial Republic,
(New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1907), 203.
29
Grove L. Johnson, Congressional Record, 54
th
Congress, January 8, 1897.
Grove L. Johnson, Congressional Record, 54
th
Congress, January 8, 1897.
30
Pizzitola, op. cit., 14.
Pizzitola, op. cit., 14.
31
New York Times,
January 13, 1897.
New York Times,
January 13, 1897.
32
Kluger, op. cit., 141-145.
Kluger, op. cit., 141-145.
33
Mrs. Brisbane to Boyden Sparkes, Brisbane Papers.
Mrs. Brisbane to Boyden Sparkes, Brisbane Papers.
34
New York Times,
January 5, 1896; Robinson, op. cit., 255-256.
New York Times,
January 5, 1896; Robinson, op. cit., 255-256.
35
Henry Klein,
My Last Fifty Years
(New York: Isaac Goldmann Company, 1935), 14; Abbot, op. cit., 145.
Henry Klein,
My Last Fifty Years
(New York: Isaac Goldmann Company, 1935), 14; Abbot, op. cit., 145.
36
Charles Edward Russell, “William Randolph Hearst,” op. cit. .
Charles Edward Russell, “William Randolph Hearst,” op. cit. .
37
WRH to Boyden Sparkes, Brisbane Papers.
WRH to Boyden Sparkes, Brisbane Papers.
38
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 215.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 215.
39
Brian, op. cit., 206.
Brian, op. cit., 206.
40
Ireland, op. cit., 48.
Ireland, op. cit., 48.
41
Ibid., 41.
Ibid., 41.
42
Ibid., 81.
Ibid., 81.
43
Ibid., 141.
Ibid., 141.
44
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 192.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 192.
45
Ibid., 220.
Ibid., 220.
46
Brian, op. cit., 218.
Brian, op. cit., 218.
47
The Fourth Estate,
April 9, 1897.
The Fourth Estate,
April 9, 1897.
48
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 231.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 231.
49
Ibid., 230.
Ibid., 230.
50
Nasaw, op, cit., 111.
Nasaw, op, cit., 111.
51
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 231.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 231.
52
Ibid., 240.
Ibid., 240.
53
The Journalist,
May 15, 1897.
The Journalist,
May 15, 1897.
54
Ibid.
Ibid.
55
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 223.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 223.
56
Ibid., 219-220.
Ibid., 219-220.
57
Ibid., 219.
Ibid., 219.
58
New York Times,
April 2, 1897.
New York Times,
April 2, 1897.
59
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 221.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 221.
60
The Fourth Estate,
March 25, 1897.
The Fourth Estate,
March 25, 1897.
61
The Fourth Estate,
July 22, 1897.
The Fourth Estate,
July 22, 1897.
1
New York Times,
February 27, 1895, February 28, 1895; Charles H. Brown,
The Correspondents’ War: Journalism in the Spanish-American War
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1967), 2.
New York Times,
February 27, 1895, February 28, 1895; Charles H. Brown,
The Correspondents’ War: Journalism in the Spanish-American War
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1967), 2.
2
New York Times,
March 10, 1895;
New York Tribune,
March 10, 1895; Brown, ibid., 3; Joseph E. Wisan,
The Cuban Crisis As Reflected in the New York Press, 1895-1898
(New York: Octagon Books, 1965), 40.
New York Times,
March 10, 1895;
New York Tribune,
March 10, 1895; Brown, ibid., 3; Joseph E. Wisan,
The Cuban Crisis As Reflected in the New York Press, 1895-1898
(New York: Octagon Books, 1965), 40.
3
Wisan, op. cit., 50; Ivan Musicant,
Empire By Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century
(New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1998), 51-53.
Wisan, op. cit., 50; Ivan Musicant,
Empire By Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century
(New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1998), 51-53.
4
Wisan, ibid., 42.
Wisan, ibid., 42.
5
New York Times,
March 5, 1895; Wisan, ibid., 43.
New York Times,
March 5, 1895; Wisan, ibid., 43.
6
Ian Mugridge,
The View from Xanadu: William Randolph Hearst and United States Foreign Policy
(Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1995), 9; John Lawrence Tone,
War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 49.
Ian Mugridge,
The View from Xanadu: William Randolph Hearst and United States Foreign Policy
(Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1995), 9; John Lawrence Tone,
War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 49.
7
Mugridge, op. cit., 9; New York
Journal,
October 11, 1895.
Mugridge, op. cit., 9; New York
Journal,
October 11, 1895.
8
Mugridge, op. cit., 8.
Mugridge, op. cit., 8.
9
New York Journal,
January 19, 1896, October 11, 1895, November 11, 1895, May 11, 1896.
New York Journal,
January 19, 1896, October 11, 1895, November 11, 1895, May 11, 1896.
10
New York
World,
April 7, 1895.
New York
World,
April 7, 1895.
11
Walter A. McDougall,
Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter With the World Since 1776
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1997), 120.
Walter A. McDougall,
Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter With the World Since 1776
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1997), 120.
12
New York Times,
March 15, 1895;
New York Tribune,
March 14, 1895; New York
Sun,
March 14, 1895; March 22, 1895;
New York Tribune,
March 30, 1895; Marcus M. Wilkerson,
Public Opinion and the Spanish-American War: A Study in War Propaganda
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1932), 19; Wisan, op. cit., 70, 85; Musicant, op. cit., 81-82; Walter Millis,
The Martial Spirit
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1989), 28.
New York Times,
March 15, 1895;
New York Tribune,
March 14, 1895; New York
Sun,
March 14, 1895; March 22, 1895;
New York Tribune,
March 30, 1895; Marcus M. Wilkerson,
Public Opinion and the Spanish-American War: A Study in War Propaganda
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1932), 19; Wisan, op. cit., 70, 85; Musicant, op. cit., 81-82; Walter Millis,
The Martial Spirit
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1989), 28.
13
Wisan, ibid., 72-73; Tone, op. cit., 51;
New York Evening Post,
March 14, 1895;
New York Times,
March 20, 1895, September 7, 1895.
Wisan, ibid., 72-73; Tone, op. cit., 51;
New York Evening Post,
March 14, 1895;
New York Times,
March 20, 1895, September 7, 1895.
14
George Bronson Rea,
Facts and Fakes about Cuba
(New York: George Monro’s Sons, 1897); Brown, op. cit., 88.
George Bronson Rea,
Facts and Fakes about Cuba
(New York: George Monro’s Sons, 1897); Brown, op. cit., 88.
15
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 108.
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 108.
16
Joseph P. McKerns, “Murat Halstead,”
Dictionary of Literary Biography: American Newspaper Journalists, 1873-1900,
vol. 23 (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983), 155.
Joseph P. McKerns, “Murat Halstead,”
Dictionary of Literary Biography: American Newspaper Journalists, 1873-1900,
vol. 23 (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983), 155.
17
Murat Halstead,
The Story of Cuba: Her Struggles for Liberty; the Causes, Crisis and Destiny of the Pearl of the Antilles
(Chicago: Cuba Libre, 1896), 206.
Murat Halstead,
The Story of Cuba: Her Struggles for Liberty; the Causes, Crisis and Destiny of the Pearl of the Antilles
(Chicago: Cuba Libre, 1896), 206.
18
Ibid., 112.
Ibid., 112.
19
Ibid., 111-115.
Ibid., 111-115.
20
Musicant, op. cit., 52.
Musicant, op. cit., 52.
21
Musicant, ibid., 53, 66; Tone, op. cit., 121.
Musicant, ibid., 53, 66; Tone, op. cit., 121.
22
Musicant, ibid., 67, 75; David F. Trask,
The War With Spain in 1898
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 8; Wisan, op. cit., 88-89, 203; Tone, op. cit., 154; Hannis Taylor, “A Review of the Cuban Question in Its Economic, Political, and Diplomatic Aspects,”
The North American Review
165, no. 492 (November 1897): 610-636.
Musicant, ibid., 67, 75; David F. Trask,
The War With Spain in 1898
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 8; Wisan, op. cit., 88-89, 203; Tone, op. cit., 154; Hannis Taylor, “A Review of the Cuban Question in Its Economic, Political, and Diplomatic Aspects,”
The North American Review
165, no. 492 (November 1897): 610-636.
23
New York Journal,
February 24, 1896.
New York Journal,
February 24, 1896.
24
Charles Michelson,
The Ghost Talks
(New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1944), 85; James Boylan, “Charles Michelson,”
American National Biography
(New York: Oxford University Press).
Charles Michelson,
The Ghost Talks
(New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1944), 85; James Boylan, “Charles Michelson,”
American National Biography
(New York: Oxford University Press).
25
New York Journal,
January 7, 1896, January 10, 1896.
New York Journal,
January 7, 1896, January 10, 1896.
26
New York Journal,
February 26, 1896; Brown, op. cit., 30-32.
New York Journal,
February 26, 1896; Brown, op. cit., 30-32.
27
Brown, ibid., 29.
Brown, ibid., 29.
28
New York Journal,
April 2, 1896, April 4 1896; Rea, op. cit., 162-163.
New York Journal,
April 2, 1896, April 4 1896; Rea, op. cit., 162-163.
29
Joyce Milton,
The Yellow Kids: Foreign Correspondents in the Heyday of Yellow Journalism
(New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 60, 65; Brown, op. cit., 45; Sylvester Scovel Papers, Missouri Historical Society; hereafter cited as Scovel Papers.
Joyce Milton,
The Yellow Kids: Foreign Correspondents in the Heyday of Yellow Journalism
(New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 60, 65; Brown, op. cit., 45; Sylvester Scovel Papers, Missouri Historical Society; hereafter cited as Scovel Papers.
30
Milton, ibid., 61-62.
Milton, ibid., 61-62.
31
Ibid., 59.
Ibid., 59.
32
Rea, op. cit., xiii; Milton, op. cit., 74-75.
Rea, op. cit., xiii; Milton, op. cit., 74-75.
33
Rea, ibid., 37.
Rea, ibid., 37.
34
Wisan, op. cit.,157.
Wisan, op. cit.,157.
35
Milton, op. cit., 72.
Milton, op. cit., 72.
36
Ibid., 73; New York
World,
February 10, 1896.
Ibid., 73; New York
World,
February 10, 1896.
37
Rea, op. cit., 236.
Rea, op. cit., 236.
38
Rea, ibid., xiii.
Rea, ibid., xiii.
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