The War of the Jewels (75 page)

Note 26 (p. 389).

Novrod was the oldest form, and appears in the earlier annals, beside the variant Grodnof. These contain the CE elements

*naba 'hollow', and (g)rota 'excavation, underground dwelling'. Novrod retains the older Eldarin (and the Dwarvish) order with the adjectival element first. At the time of its making

*naba-grota had no doubt already reached its archaic S form

*nov-3rot > novrod. Grodnof has the same elements in the later more usual Sindarin order. The form Nogrod which later became usual is due to the substitution of Nog-, taken as a form of Naug 'dwarf' (with the usual change of au > o), after the element Nov- had become obscure. The adjective *naba > nov, nof only remained current in the Northern dialect, where the name Novrod originated. In the other dialects nov, as a stressed independent word, proceeded to nauv > naw (with the usual loss of final v after au, u), and this word ceased to be used in current speech. Novrod in earlier annals is sometimes found glossed Bar-goll 'hollow dwelling', using the more current adjective coll < *kulda.

Hadhodrond uses the adapted form Hadhod = Khazad. The element rond is not related to grod, -rod. The latter is from

*groto 'dig, excavate, tunnel'. S rond, Q rondo are from *rono

'arch over, roof in'. This could be applied both to natural and to artificial structures, but its view was always from below and from the inside. (Contrast the derivatives of *tel, *telu mentioned in Note 15.) CE *rondo meant 'a vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside)', or 'a (large) hall or chamber so roofed'. It was still often applied pictorially to the heavens after the Elves had obtained much greater knowledge of 'Star-lore'. Cf. the name Elrond 'Star-dome' (Elros meant 'Star-glitter'). Cf. also S othrond applied to an underground stronghold, made or enlarged by excavation, containing one or more of such great vaulted halls. othrond is

< S ost+ rond. CE *osto, Q osto, S ost, is derived from *soto

'shelter, protect, defend', and was applied to any fortress or stronghold made or strengthened by art. The most famous example, after the great dwelling of Elwe at Menegroth, was Nargothrond < Narog-ost-rond ('the great underground burg and halls upon the River Narog'), which was made by Finrod, or completed and enlarged by him from the more primitive dwellings made by the Petty-dwarves.

Though distinct in origin the derivatives of *groto and *rono naturally came into contact, since they were not dissimilar in shape, and a 'rondo was usually made by excavation. Thus S groth < *grotta (an intensified form of grod < *grota) 'a large excavation' might well apply to a rond. Menegroth means 'the Thousand Caves or Delvings', but it contained one great rond and many minor ones.

Note 27 (p. 390).

*(n)guruk is due to a combination of *(g)ruk with *NGUR

'horror', seen in S gorth, gorthob 'horror, horrible', and (reduplicated) gorgor 'extreme horror'.

Note 28 (p. 390)

Some other derivatives are in Quenya: rukin 'I feel fear or horror' (constructed with 'from' of the object feared); ruhta-

'terrify'; rukima 'terrible'; rauko and arauko < *grauk-) 'a powerful, hostile, and terrible creature', especially in the compound Valarauko 'Demon of Might', applied later to the more powerful and terrible of the Maia servants of Morgoth. In Sindarin appear, for instance, raug and graug, and the compound Balrog (equivalents of Q rauko, etc.); groga- 'feel terror'; gruitha 'terrify'; gorog (< *guruk) 'horror'.

Note 29 (p. 392).

Affixes appear in equen 'said I', eques 'said he I she', used in reporting a dialogue.

Note 30 (p. 392).

*ekwe was probably a primitive past tense, marked as such by the 'augment' or reduplicated base-vowel, and the long stem-vowel. Past tenses of this form were usual in Sindarin 'strong' or primary verbs: as *akara 'made, did' > S agor. *akwa, however, was probably not verbal, but an extension or intensification of

*kwa, used adverbially.

Note 31 (p. 392).

In Eldarin languages this is usually found in the forms -ikwa or

-ukwa, or with nasal infixion -inkwa, -unkwa. The vowels i, u were probably derived from the terminations of nouns or other stems to which kwa was added, but the dissyllabic suffixal forms had become quite independent of this origin. The forms using u were mainly applied to things heavy, clumsy, ugly or bad.

Note 32 (p. 393).

Little is said in Noldorin lore concerning the language of the Valar and Maiar; but on this point a note is added at the end of this Appendix (pp. 397 ff.).

Note 33 (p. 394).

lamba is derived from *LABA 'move the tongue, lick', and may be referred to *lab-ma (with a suffix frequent in the names of implements): the group bm > mb in CE and possibly earlier.

lambe is probably from *lab-me, denoting the action of *LABA, or the use of the *lamba. (Cf. *JULU 'drink', *julma, Q yulma, S ylf 'drinking-vessel'; *julme, Q yulme, 'drinking, carousal'.) These words have no original connexion with *LAMA which refers to sounds, especially to vocal sounds, but was applied only to those that were confused or inarticulate. It was generally used to describe the various cries of beasts. Hence the word

*laman(a), *laman, Q laman, pl. lamni or lamani; S lavan, pl.

levain, 'animal', usually only applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles or birds. (This may be compared with *kwene

'user of articulate speech'.) The Sindarin glam < glamb/glamm (p. 391) is an elaboration of *LAM.

Note 34 (p. 394).

In genuine independent use mainly employed between persons out of earshot: the Elves had astonishingly acute eyesight at a distance. These 'signals' were really distinct from the gestures (especially those of the hands) made as concomitants to speech and additions to tone-changes for the conveyance of feeling, though some of the gestures in both systems were similar. The Elves made considerable use of the concomitant gestures, especially in oration or recitation.

Note 35 (p. 398).

By which Pengolodh meant the knowledge available in Middle-earth. The Lammas was composed in Eriador.

Note 36 (p. 404).

Other later Loremasters conjectured that Nessa was in fact Elvish in form (though archaic, on Pengolodh's own principle), being < *neresa, a feminine adjectival formation from *NER, meaning 'she that has manlike valour or strength'. They also would remove Taniquetil from the group of 'translations'.

Arfanyarasse, they say, is the translation: 'high (i.e. noble, revered) - shining white - peak', but Taniquetil is an adaptation, though one that has probably greatly altered the original in the attempt to give the name some kind of Eldarin significance: ? high white point. As they say, ta- does not mean

'lofty' in Eldarin, though it may remind one of tara 'tall, high'

(*TAR); nique does not refer to snow, but to cold; and Q tilde,

-til is not a mountain peak, but a fine sharp point (mostly used of small and slender things). For nique cf. Q niku- 'be chill, cold (of weather)'; nique 'it is cold, it freezes'; ninque 'chill, pallid', nixe 'frost', niquis, niquesse 'frost-patterns' (the latter by association with quesse 'feather').

Most significant, they cite from an ancient legend of the Flight the tale that as the mists of Araman wrapped the distant mountains of Valinor from the sight of the Noldor, Feanor raised his hands in token of rejection and cried: 'I go. Neither in light or shadow will I look upon you again, Dahanigwishtil-gun.' So it was recorded, though the writers of the histories no longer knew what he meant. For which reason the strange word may have been ill transmitted. But even so it still bears some likeness to Taniquetil, though it can no longer be analysed. (In a few versions, say the Loremasters, it is written dahan-igwis-telgun.) They also cite Fionwe [read Eonwe?] (the herald of Manwe) as another name for which no Elvish etymology is known.

Note 37 (p. 406).

Usually in a formal and elevated style. Often, when there were differences, rather according to the Vanyarin manner than the Noldorin, for the Vanyar were most in their company; though the Noldorin writers have sometimes substituted their own forms.

Editorial Notes.

1. 'affection': mutation (of the vowel o caused by the following i in Mori(quendi) ).

2. sundoma: see p. 319.

3. omentielvo: this was typed omentielmo, subsequently changed to omentielvo. The same change was made in the Second Edition of The Fellowship of the Ring (p. 90).

4. The Fellowship of the Ring p. 367 (at the end of the chapter Lothlorien); First Edition vanimalda, Second Edition vanimelda.

5. The term omataina or 'vocalic extension' is used of the addition to the 'base' of a final vowel identical to the sundoma (p. 319).

6. 'The glooms and the clouds dimming the sun and the stars': an explicit reference, it seems, to some form of the changed astronomical myth adumbrated in Text II of the section 'Myths Transformed' in Morgoth's Ring. In that text my father raised the question 'how can the Eldar be called the "Star-folk"?' if the Sun is 'coeval with the Earth' (X.375); and proposed a complex story (X.377 - 8) in which the darkening of the world by Melkor, who brought up vast glooms to shut out all vision of the heavens, is a chief element. See further pp. 423-4.

7. 'The first people of this kind to be met were the Nandor': this strangely contradicts the history recorded in the Annals (GA $19, p. 9; also AAm $84, X.93), according to which the Dwarves first entered Beleriand in Valian Year 1250, and the building of Menegroth was achieved before the coming of Denethor, leader of the Nandor, in 1350 (pp. 11-13). The following statement here that the first invasions of the Orcs followed Morgoth's return is an equally striking contradiction of the Annals: according to GA $27 Orcs entered Beleriand in 1330 (cf. also X.106, $85):

'Whence they came, or what they were, the Elves knew not then, deeming them to be Avari, maybe, that had become evil and savage in the wild.'

8. 'from Cape Andras to the headland of Bar-in-Myl': Cape Andras was entered on the map (p. 184, square G 2), but the headland to the south (itself an extension of the coastline as originally drawn) is there called Ras Mewrim (p. 190, $63). The name in the present text was typed Bar-in-Gwael; the translation 'Home of the Gulls' was added at the same time as the change to Bar-in-Myl (by a later pencilled change on one copy -in- > -i-).

9. Brithonbar, not Brithombar, is the form typed, and not corrected.

10. With this passage on the subject of the Eglain cf. p. 189, $ 57, and pp. 343-4. The concluding sentence 'But they acknowledged the high-kingship of Thingol, and Cirdan never took the title of king'

differs from the Annals, where Cirdan either acknowledged Felagund of Nargothrond as overlord, or else was (as it seems) an independent Lord of the Falas 'yet ever close in friendship with Nargothrond' (GA $85, and commentary p. 117).

11. For the legend of Imin, Tata, and Enel see pp. 420 ff.

12. The story found in the Annals of Aman of the kindreds of Morwe and Nurwe, who refused the summons of the Valar and became the Avari (X.81-2, 88, 168), had been abandoned.

13. The name Lindar 'Singers' of the Teleri has appeared in the

'Glossary' to the Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth (X.349); it was for long the name of the First Kindred, the later Vanyar.

14. On the waterfall of Cuivienen see p. 424.

15. In other late writing Cirdan is said to have been of the kin of Elwe, but I have not found any statement of the nature of the kinship.

16. Lenwe has replaced the long-standing name Dan of Denethor's father; from this text it was adopted in The Silmarillion.

17. The statement that the Nandor entered Beleriand 'not long before the return of Morgoth' is another remarkable contradiction of the Annals (cf. note 7 above). Earlier (p. 377) it is said that they came 'before the return of Morgoth', which no doubt implies the same. But in GA $31 there is a marvellous evocation of 'the long years of peace that followed after the coming of Denethor', and they were indeed long: from 1350 to 1495, 145 Valian Years, or 1389 Years of the Sun. I am at a loss to explain these profound changes in the embedded history.

18. On the Adunaic word Nimir 'Elf' see The Drowning of Anadune (Vol. IX, Index II, p. 473).

19. Firimar: the old form was Firimor (QS $83, V.245, footnote). An account of the development of meaning in the verb fire is given in connection with Firiel, the later name of Miriel, in X.250.

20. The name Nogoth niben was adopted in The Silmarillion (in the plural, Noegyth nibin: see Note 7 to the present text, p. 408); the word nogoth of the Dwarves has not occurred before (see note 32

below). For other names and name-forms of the Petty-dwarves see p. 187, $26.

21. In the revision of the QS chapter on the Dwarves the Sindarin name of Khazad-dum was Nornhabar, translated 'Dwarrowdelf'

(p. 206). 'Dwarrowdelf' is found also in The Fellowship of the Ring; in the present text the Sindarin name was typed Hadhodrud and translated 'Dwarrowmine', but the change to Hadhodrond