The Weight of Shadows (29 page)

Page 127:
“Ninety thousand tons of bombs”: Thomas George Weiss,
Political Gain and Civilian Pain: Humanitarian Impacts of Economic Sanctions
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), 93.

Page 130:
Crime rates among the foreign-born versus native-born populations: “The Criminalization of Immigration in the United States,” American Immigration Council, July 8, 2015,
http://immigrationpolicy.org/special-reports/criminalization-immigration-united-states
.

Page 133:
Solana Beach demographics: “Solana Beach (city), California,” State and County QuickFacts, US Census Bureau,
http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0672506.html
.

Page 133:
Rancho Santa Fe: “Million-dollar Zip Codes,”
CNNMoney
,
http://money.cnn.com/pf/features/lists/million_zips
.

Page 134:
Sidney Franklin: Bart Paul,
Double-Edged Sword: The Many Lives of Hemingway's Friend, the American Matador Sidney Franklin
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009).

Page 134:
Pat Nixon quote (“I hope there won't be a fence”): Todd Miller,
Border Patrol Nation: Dispatches from the Front Lines of Homeland Security
(San Francisco: City Lights, 2014), 25.

Page 134:
“Welded metal landing mats”: “Background to the Office of the Inspector General Investigation,” Office of the Inspector General,
https://oig.justice.gov/special/9807/gkp01.htm
.

Page 135:
Much of the information regarding the similarities between H.R. 1417 and S. 744 comes from “An Unlikely Couple: The Similar Approaches to Border Enforcement in H.R. 1417 and S. 744, American Immigration Council, July 2013,
http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/hr_1417_v_s_744.pdf
.

Page 135:
Some of the information about the money spent on border enforcement, including the quote, comes from Garrett M. Graff, “The Green Monster.”
Politico
, November/December 2014,
http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/10/border-patrol-the-green-monster-112220.html
.

Page 141:
Americans about as likely to be murdered by friends, relatives, and acquaintances as by strangers: Alexia Cooper and Erica L. Smith,
Homicide Trends in the United States, 1980–2008
(Washington: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011),
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf
.

Page 145:
Anastasio Hernandez-Rojas: Randal C. Archibold, “San Diego Police Investigate the Death of a Mexican Man Resisting Deportation,”
New York Times
, June 1, 2010; “Crossing the Line at the Border,” PBS, May 17, 2013,
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/video/border-patrol-part-3/16916
; “Transcript: November 30, 2012,”
Need to Know
, PBS, November 30, 2012,
http://needtoknow.vc2.wnet.org/wnet/need-to-know/transcripts-full-episode/transcript-november-30-2012/15577
.

Page 148:
Deadliest week in Arizona history: John Fife, “My Tucson: Once Jailed, Pair Become Heroes,”
Tucson Citizen
, May 2, 2007. John Fife's criminal history: “Sanctuary Activists Lose Conspiracy Trial,”
Chicago Tribune
, May 2, 1986.

Page 150:
Border checkpoint figures and their history:
Border Patrol: Available Data on Interior Checkpoints Suggest Differences in Sector Performance
(Washington: Government Accountability Office, 2005),
http://www.gao.gov/assets/250/247179.pdf
; “The Constitution in the 100-Mile Border Zone,” American Civil Liberties Union,
https://www.aclu.org/constitution-100-mile-border-zone
.

Page 151:
CBP agents able to enter private property within twenty-five miles of the border without a warrant: “Know Your Rights With Border Patrol,” American Civil Liberties Union of Arizona,
http://www.acluaz.org/sites/default/files/documents/ACLU%20Border%20Rights%20ENGLISH.pdf
.

Page 152:
Border Patrol number for migrant remains recovered on the US side of the boundary in the southwestern sectors: 6,330 between 1998 and 2014. The number of US soldiers killed in Iraq through August 8, 2015 (6,840): “Faces of the Fallen,”
Washington Post
,
http://apps.washingtonpost.com/national/fallen
.

Page 154:
Funneling of migrants into the most dangerous parts of the border region: “Border Patrol Strategic Plan: 1994 and Beyond,” US Border Patrol, in companion website for Joseph Nevins,
Operation Gatekeeper and Beyond: The War on “Illegals” and the Remaking of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary
(New York: Routledge, 2010),
http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415996945/gov-docs/1994.pdf
.

Page 155:
NMD footage in “Crossing the Line, Part 2,” PBS, July 20, 2012,
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/video/video-crossing-the-line/14291
.

Pages 155
and
156:
All information about abuse in short-term border patrol custody comes from
A Culture of Cruelty: Abuse and Impunity in Short-Term U.S. Border Patrol Custody
(Tucson: No More Deaths, 2011),
http://forms.nomoredeaths.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/CultureOfCruelty-full.compressed.pdf
.

Page 161:
Arizona Border Recon: “‘Nativist Extremist' Groups Decline Again,” Southern Poverty Law Center, February 25, 2014,
https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2014/%E2%80%98nativist-extremist%E2%80%99-groups-decline-again-0
.

Page 162:
Information about the murders committed by J.T. Ready can be found in Michael Muskal, “Border Guard Founder J.T.Ready Blamed in Arizona Murder-Suicide,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 3, 2012. FBI investigation of Ready before he committed the murders: Tim Gaylord, “FBI Investigating Arizona Neo-Nazi Before Shooting,” Reuters, May 5, 2012,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/06/us-usa-arizona-shooting-idUSBRE84500020120506
.

Pages 162
and
163:
Jeffrey Harbin: “Valley Man Sentenced to 24 Months for Possessing and Transporting Improvised Explosive Devices,” press release, Federal Bureau of Investigation, February 7, 2012,
https://www.fbi.gov/phoenix/press-releases/2012/valley-man-sentenced-to-24-months-for-possessing-and-transporting-improvised-explosive-devices
.

Pages 162
and
163:
Shawna Forde: “Arizona Vigilante Found Guilty of Murdering Latino Man, Daughter,” CNN, February 15, 2011,
http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/02/14/arizona.double.killing.verdict
.

Page 163:
Russell Pearce on J.T. Ready: “J.T. Ready,” Extremist Files, Southern Poverty Law Center,
https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/jt-ready
.

Page 168:
CBP agents killed in the line of duty: “In Memoriam to Those Who Died in the Line of Duty,” US Customs and Border Protection,
http://www.cbp.gov/about/in-memoriam/memoriam-those-who-died-line-duty
.

Page 168:
Border Patrol agent suicide: Paul J. Weber, “Increase in Suicides Among Border Patrol Agents Causes Alarm,”
Washington Post
, August 19, 2010.

Pages 188
and
189:
NAFTA: Sandra Polaski, “Mexican Employment, Productivity and Income a Decade after NAFTA,” brief submitted to the Canadian Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 25, 2004,
http://carnegieendowment.org/2004/02/25/mexican-employment-productivity-and-income-decade-after-nafta
. Informal economy:
System of National Accounts 1993
(Brussels/Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Opportunity and Development, United Nations, World Bank, 1993),
http://unstats.un.org/unsD/nationalaccount/docs/1993sna.pdf
.

Page 191:
The official figure of 6,330 doesn't represent the number of deaths along the border; more accurately it represents the number of remains CBP agents decided to retrieve and count along the Southwest border between October 1, 1998, and September 30, 2014. “U.S. Border Patrol Fiscal Year Southwest Border Sector Deaths (FY 1998–FY 2014).” Regarding possible explanations for the discrepancy in count and difficulty in establishing the real toll of border policy: Susan Carroll and Daniel González, “Border Death Toll Varies Due to Multiple Counting Methods,”
Arizona Republic
, October 16, 2003.

Pages 192
and
193:
A civil society group estimate of number of migrants disappeared between 2006 and 2012 in Mexico: Ryan Craggs, “Mexico Drug War: Missing Immigrants from Central America Sought by Caravan of Mothers,”
Huffington Post
, October 23, 2012,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/23/missing-immigrants-mexico_n_2005481.html
.

Pages 194
and
195:
Black sites in Chile: Karen Elizabeth Bishop, “The Architectural History of Disappearance: Rebuilding Memory Sites in the Southern Cone,”
Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
73, no. 4 (2014): 612–14.

Page 204:
Rise in federal sentences due to immigration criminalization: Michael T. Light, Mark Hugo Lopez, and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, “The Rise of Federal Immigration Crimes,” Hispanic Trends, Pew Research Center, March 18, 2014,
http://www.pewhispanic.org/2014/03/18/the-rise-of-federal-immigration-crimes
.

Pages 205
and
206:
Rape: “Most Dangerous Journey: What Central American Migrants Face When They Try to Cross the Border,”
Human Rights Now Blog
, February 20, 2014, Amnesty International,
http://blog.amnestyusa.org/americas/most-dangerous-journey-what-central-american-migrants-face-when-they-try-to-cross-the-border
. Sexual violence against field hands: “Rape in the Fields,”
Frontline
, PBS, June 25, 2013,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/rape-in-the-fields
.

Page 207:
Quote from
Fusion
: Erin Siegal McIntyre and Deborah Bonello, “Is Rape the Price to Pay for Migrant Women Chasing the American Dream?,”
Fusion
, September 10, 2014,
http://fusion.net/story/17321/is-rape-the-price-to-pay-for-migrant-women-chasing-the-american-dream
. Heterogeneity of rapists: W. L. Marshall and H. E. Barbaree, “Integrated Theory of Etiology of Sexual Offending,” in
Handbook of Sexual Assault: Issues, Theories, and Treatment of the Offender
(New York: Plenum Press, 1990), 257–75.

Page 209:
Secure Communities: Kate Linthicum, “Obama Ends Secure Communities Program as Part of Immigration Action,”
Los Angeles Times
, November 21, 2014; “Secure Communities,” US Immigration and Customs Enforcement,
http://www.ice.gov/secure-communities
.

JOSÉ ORDUÑA
was born in Córdoba, Veracruz, and immigrated to Chicago when he was two. At nine, he and his parents traveled to Ciudad Juárez and filed for permanent residency under section 245(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Having entered the United States with a tourist visa, which had since expired, they were considered “removable aliens.” In 2010, Orduña applied for naturalization and, in July of 2011, was sworn in as a citizen. He is a graduate of the Nonfiction Writing Program at the University of Iowa and is active in Latin American solidarity.

Beacon Press

Boston, Massachusetts

www.beacon.org

Beacon Press books are published under the auspices of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.

© 2016 by José Orduña

All rights reserved

Text design and composition by Wilsted & Taylor Publishing Services

Cover design: Bob Kosturko

Cover photo: Laurel Fantauzzo

Some names and other identifying characteristics of people mentioned in this work have been changed to protect their identities.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Orduna, Jose.

Title: The weight of shadows : a memoir of immigration and displacement / Jose Orduna.

Description: Boston : Beacon Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references.

Identifiers:
LCCN
2015031583 |
ISBN
978-0-8070-7401-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) |
ISBN
978-0-8070-7402-2 (ebook)

Subjects:
LCSH
: Mexican Americans—Biography. | Immigrants—United States—Social conditions—21st century. | Hispanic Americans—Civil rights. | Hispanic Americans—Social conditions—21st century. | United States—Emigration and immigration—Social aspects.

Classification: LCC E184.M5 O76 2016 | DDC 973/.046872—dc23
LC record available at
http://lccn.loc.gov/2015031583