The Wild Frontier (62 page)

56.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 122.

57.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 244.

58.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 165.

59.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 139.

60.
Quoted in Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 159.

61.
Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 1.

62.
Quoted in Hagan,
American Indians
, 104.

63.
Ibid., 117.

64.
Quoted in Andrist,
Long Death
, 331.

65.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 37.

66.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, vii.

67.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 279.

68.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 87.

69.
Ibid., 87.

70.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 43fn.

71.
Quoted in Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage
, 53.

72.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 280.

73.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 157.

74.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 423-24.

75.
Lunt, W. E.,
History of England
(1945).

1.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 190.

2.
“It is infinitely better to have no heathen among us, who were but as thornes in our sides, than to be at peace and league with them,” wrote Wyatt. Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 17.

3.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 211-12.

4.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 190.

5.
Ibid.

6.
Esarey,
A History of Indiana
, 89.

7.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 123.

8.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 46.

9.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 134.

10.
Ibid., 134-35.

11.
Quoted in Gilbert, 186.

12.
Wallbank and Taylor,
Civilization—Past and Present
, vol. 2, 229.

13.
Knox and Crawford quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 121-23.

14.
Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 18.

15.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 268.

16.
Esarey,
A History of Indiana
, 230.

17.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 205.

18.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 211.

19.
Quoted in Hays,
A Race at Bay
, 55.

20.
Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice
, 32.

21.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 181.

22.
Report from Overview, 4.

23.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 193.

24.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 209.

25.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 289.

26.
Ibid., 226-31.

27.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 212.

28.
Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 171-74.

29.
Report from Overview, 4; Driver said these figures are about the same, 138,000,000 in 1887 and 48,000,000 in 1934. Driver,
Indians of North America
, 491.

30.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 184; Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 197-98.

31.
Prucha, 219; Debo, in
A History of the Indians
, p. 336, summarized the report by saying it indicated that the condition of the Indians was deplorable for several reasons.

32.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 342.

33.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 190-91.

34.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 194; Spicer,
The American Indians
, 194.

35.
Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 233.

36.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 194.

37.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 194.

38.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 257.

39.
Ibid., 257.

40.
Report from Overview, 6.

41.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 301.

42.
Quoted in Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 291.

43.
Esarey,
A History of Indiana
, 90.

44.
Quoted in Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 133.

45.
Gilbert, 133.

46.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 158.

47.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 111-12.

48.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 379-80.

49.
Ibid., 379-80.

50.
Quoted in Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 216.

51.
Ibid., 216.

52.
Ibid., 216.

53.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 380.

54.
Quoted in Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 291.

55.
Hays,
The Newspaper Indian
, 212-13.

56.
Quoted in Hays, 24.

57.
Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, xx.

58.
Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice
, 105.

59.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 126-27.

60.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Mans Indian
, 293.

61.
Ibid., 293.

62.
U. S. News & World Report
, February 22, 1993, 26.

63.
U. S. News & World Report
, November 28, 1994, 61-64.

64.
AP, December 24, 1998, release.

65.
AP, January 7, 1999, release.

66.
Quoted in AP, February 23, 1999, release.

67.
Quoted in
Sarasota Herald-Tribune
, February 23, 1999, 14A.

68.
Ibid., 14A.

69.
AP, May 14, 1999, release.

70.
AP, June 10, 1999, release.

71.
AP, June 7, 1999, release.

72.
AP, June 25, 1999, release.

1.
Schlesinger,
The Disuniting of America
, 136-37.

2.
Beveridge, Albert J.,
Abraham Lincoln
, vol. 1 (1928), 1.

3.
Contemporary Authors
, New Revision Series, vol. 11, 94.

4.
Coward,
The Newspaper Indian
, 121.

5.
Brown,
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
, xvii.

6.
Ibid., 4.

7.
Ibid., introduction.

8.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 393, 418.

9.
Schlesinger,
The Disuniting of America
, 93.

10.
Ibid., 52.

11.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 5.

12.
Ibid., 6.

13.
Ibid., 4.

14.
Ibid., 4-5.

15.
Ibid., 5.

16.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 146.

17.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 80.

18.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 320.

19.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 70.

20.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 332.

21.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 219.

22.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 364.

23.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 13.

24.
Mona Charen,
Indianapolis Star
, July 12, 1999, A6.

25.
Matthiessen,
Indian Country
, 46.

26.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 378.

27.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 78.

28.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 200.

29.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, xxiv.

30.
United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, document number CP-1-1A.

31.
AP, July 7, 1999, release.

32.
That figure has risen to 63 percent according to an AP, July 7, 1999, release.

33.
Estimated by the government to be only 50 percent in 1999. AP, July 7, 1999, release.

34.
Bureau of the Census,
We, the First Americans
, 5-7. The government reported in 1999 that Indian per capita income was $21,619. AP, July 7, 1999, release.

35.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 274.

36.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 210-11.

37.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 272.

38.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 172-73.

39.
The Economist
, December 19, 1992, 29 (at least 50 percent).

40.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 57.

41.
The Economist
, December 19, 1992, 29.

42.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 302-9.

43.
Quoted in
National Geographic
, April 1979, 494-505.

44.
The Kickapoos demonstrate that Indian culture can be maintained despite upheavals. “Kickapoo history is in many respects the most remarkable of all the Indian histories in the United States. Some of them have maintained the major elements of their aboriginal way of life through 350 years of the most varied social and physical conditions experienced by an Indian group…. Yet even without a long-sustained and stable land base, many kept their traditional ways…. [In Oklahoma] each time BIA employees attempted to force cultural assimilation programs on them … [they refused].” Spicer,
The American Indians
, 65, 69-70.

45.
Quoted in Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson
, 434.

1.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 18.

2.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 63-64.

3.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 2.

4.
Ibid., 4.

5.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 18.

6.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States, 69.

7.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 93; Wissler, in
Indians of the United States
, p. 70, said, “The Algonkin were not merely at war with the Iroquois but often with each other. There were about a hundred Algonkin tribes, all independent like tiny nations, all sooner or later quarreling and starting feuds—little vicious circles impossible to break. In revenge for past injuries a few members of one tribe would stealthily approach the camp of a hostile tribe, take a scalp or two and escape if they could.”

8.
Steele,
Warpaths
, 39.

9.
Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice
, 117.

10.
Ibid., 413, 417.

11.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 146.

12.
Debo,
A History of the Indians, 67.

13.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 42-43.

14.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States, 69.

15.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 53.

16.
Ibid., 76.

17.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 301.

18.
Steele,
Warpaths
, 73.

19.
Waldman,
Atlas, 95.
The Mohawk were members of the Iroquois Confederacy.

20.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 35.

21.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black, 79.

22.
Matthiessen,
Indian Country
, 89.

23.
Ibid., 90.

24.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 55.

25.
Ibid., 55.

26.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 90-91.

27.
Ibid., 91.

28.
Ibid., 93-94.

29.
Brandon,
Indians
, 187.

30.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 45.

31.
Steele,
Warpaths
, 32.

32.
Driver,
Indians of North America, 217.
Between 6,000 and 8,000 Hurons retreated to an island, where all but 500 starved to death.

33.
Josephy,
500 Nations
, 233.

34.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 183.

35.
Ibid., 183.

36.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 39.

37.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 94.

38.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 46.