The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (154 page)

102.
T.R. “Wichita Mountains,” presidential proclamation (June 2, 1905). See John T. Wolley and Bernard Peters,
The American Presidency Project
. (Online: University of Santa Barbara–California, host.)

103.
Caspar Whitney, “The View-Point,”
Outing Magazine
(April 1907), p. 102.

104.
“American Bison Society,”
Saving Wildlife
(September 2007).

105.
J. Alden Loring, “The Wichita Buffalo Range”
in Tenth Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society for the Year 1905,
pp. 180–200.

106.
“Roosevelt to Pay His Hunt Expenses,”
New York Times
(December 6, 1908), p. 1.

107.
Betsy Rosenbaum, “Buffalo, or Is It Bison?” Courtesy of Outdoor Recreation Planner, Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge Archive (Courtesy of Jeff Rupert.)

108.
Tenth Annual Report of the Bison Society, 1915–1916
(New York: American Bison Society, 1916), pp. 20–22.

109.
Sanborn quoted in John G. Mitchell, “The Way We Shipped Off the Buffalo,”
Wildlife Conservation
(January–February 1993), pp. 46–50.

110.
Elwin R. Sanborn, “An Object Lesson in Bison Preservation: the Wichita National Bison Herd after Five Years,”
Zoological Society Bulletin
(Wildlife Protection Number), Vol. 16, No. 57 (May 1913), pp. 990–993. R. B. Thomas, “The Wichita National Forest and Game Preserve” (1936), in Miscellaneous Papers of the W.P.A. Project File, Oklahoma Historical Society Library. Clara Ruth, “Preserves and Ranges Maintained for Buffalo and Other Big Game” (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey, Wildlife Research and Management Leaflet BS-95, September 1937), pp. 1–21.

111.
Harry B. Candell, “History of the Bison Herd,” Wichita Mountain Wildlife Reserve, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Archives, Indiahoma, Okla. (March 19, 2009).

112.
“Traditional Uses of Bison” (Rapid City, S. Dak.: Intertribal Bison Cooperative and Administration for Native Americans, 2008).

113.
Author interview with Jeff Rupert, Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Cache, Oklahoma.

114.
Rush quoted in Tom McHugh,
The Time of the Buffalo
(New York: Knopf, 1972), p. 303.

115.
McHugh,
The Time of the Buffalo
, p. 303.

116.
James B. Trefethen,
An American Crusade for Wildlife
(New York: Winchester Press, 1975), pp. 95–96.

117.
Isenberg,
The Destruction of the Bison,
p. 165.

118.
Frank Graham, Jr., “Where Wildlife Rules,”
Audubon
(June 2003).

119.
Jim Pisarowicz, “Wildlife Management” (April 29, 2006), Wind Cave National Park Archives, Hot Springs, South Dakota.

120.
William Temple Hornaday,
Annual

Report of the American Bison Society
(1911), p. 32.

121.
Shannon Peterson,
Acting for Endangered Species
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), p. 10.

122.
Ellenbrook,
Outdoor and Trail Guide to the Wichita Mountains of Southwest Oklahoma
, pp. 20–21.

123.
Betsy Rosenbaum, “Buffalo, or Is It Bison?”

124.
Caire et al.,
Mammals of Oklahoma
, p. 370.

125.
“President and Mrs. Bush Host Celebration in Honor of Theodore Roosevelt’s 150th Birthday” (October 27, 2008). Transcript. Laura Bush told the story in the East Room, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington, D.C.

126.
Stacy A. Cordery,
Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker
(New York: Viking, 2007), p. 456.

22: T
HE
N
ATIONAL
M
ONUMENTS OF
1906

1.
T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt, March 11, 1906, quoted in Joseph Bucklin Bishop,
Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children
(New York: Scribner, 1919), pp. 152–153.

2.
Ray H. Mattison, “Devils Tower” (National Park Service, 1955), Devils Tower Wyoming Archive. George L. San Miguel, “How Is Devils Tower a Sacred Site to American Indians” (U.S. National Park Service, August 1994).

3.
N. Scott Momaday,
The Way to Rainy Mountain
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1976), p. 8.

4.
Richard I. Dodge,
The Black Hills
(New York: James Miller, 1876), p. 95.

5.
Newton quoted in Raymond J. De-mallie, “Introduction,” in Mary Alice Gunderson,
Devils Tower: Stories in Stone
(Glendo, Wyo.: High Plains Press, 1988), p. x.

6.
Gunderson,
Devils Tower.

7.
Mattison, “Devils Tower.”

8. Rebecca Conrad, “John F. Lacey: Conservation’s Public Servant” in David Harman, Francis P. McManamon, and Dwight T. Pitcaithley,
The Antiquities Act: A Century of American Archaeology, Historic Preservation, and Nature Conservation
(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006), p. 57.

9.
T.R. quoted in Edmund Morris,
Theodore Rex
(New York: Random House, 2001), p. 507.

10.
T.R. to John Pitcher (January 8, 1906).

11.
John P. Avlon, “TR’s Enduring Lessons,”
Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal
, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2004), pp. 16–17.

12.
Edward Wagenknecht,
The Seven Worlds of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Longmans, Green, 1958), p. 17.

13.
Simon Winchester,
A Crack in the Edge of the World
(New York: Harper Collins, 2006), p. 16.

14.
Suzanne Herel, “San Francisco 1906 Quake Toll Disputed, Supervisors Asked to Recognize Higher Number Who Perished,”
San Francisco Chronicle
(January 15, 2005).

15.
“Roosevelt Offers Aid,”
New York Times
(April 19, 1906), p. 8.

16.
“All San Francisco May Burn,”
New York Times
(April 19, 1906), p. 1.

17.
Elting Morison (ed.),
The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt,
Vol. 5 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952), p. 154.

18.
“Remington’s Novel,”
New York Times
(October 25, 1901), p. BR2.

19.
Allen P. Splete and Marilyn D. Splete,
Frederic Remington: Selected Letters
(New York: Abbeville, 1988), p. 359.

20.
Frederic Remington to T.R. (Summer 1906).

21.
T.R. to Frederic Remington (August 6, 1906).

22.
T.R. to John Burroughs (May 5, 1906).

23.
T.R. to Owen Wister (April 27, 1906).

24.
“President’s Threat with Meat Report,”
New York Times
(June 5, 1906), p. 1.

25.
T.R. to Henry Bryant Bigelow (May 29, 1906).

26.
T.R. to George Clement Perkins (June 5, 1906).

27.
Hal Rothman, “The Antiquities Act and the National Monuments: A Progressive Conservation Legacy,” Culture Resource Management, National Park Service, No. 4 (1999), pp. 16–18.

28.
Harmon, McManamon, and Pitcaithley,
The Antiquities Act
, p. 3.

29.
Robert W. Righter, “National Monuments to National Parks: The Use of the Antiquities Act of 1906,”
Western Historical Quarterly
, Vol. 20, No. 3 (August 1989), pp. 281–301.

30.
Samuel P. Hays,
Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959), p. 3.

31.
Harvey Leake, “John Wetherill,” http://wetherillfamily.com/john_wetherill.htm.

32.
John F. Lacey, “The Petrified Forest National Park of Arizona,”
Shield’s Magazine,
Vol. I, No. 5 (July 1905).

33.
Ibid.

34.
Ibid.

35.
Conrad, “John F. Lacey: Conservation’s Public Servant,” p. 61.

36.
John F. Lacey, “The Petrified Forest National Park of Arizona.”

37.
“Elephant Routs G.O.P.,”
New York Times
(June 10, 1906), p. 1.

38.
“R. B. Roosevelt No Better,”
New York Times
(July 12, 1906), p. 1.

39.
“Robert B. Roosevelt Ill,”
New York Times
(June 11, 1906), p. 1.

40.
Ibid.

41.
Eric Jay Dolin,
Smithsonian Book of National Wildlife Refuges
(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 2003), p. 58.

42.
T.R. to Mark A. Rodgers (June 27, 1906).

43.
John Burroughs,
Time and Change
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912), p. 246.

44.
Raymond Esthus,
Theodore Roosevelt and Japan
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967), pp. 132–135.

45.
William C. Dennis Memorandum to President Roosevelt, September 10, 1907.

46.
Duane A. Smith,
Women to the Rescue
(Durango, Colo.: Durango Herald Small Press, 2005), p. iv.

47.
Char Miller, “Landmark Decision: The Antiquities Act, Big Stick Conservation, and the Modern State,” in David Harmon, Francis P. McManamon, and Dwight T. Pitcaithley (eds.),
The Antiquities Act
(Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 2006), pp. 64–78.

48.
Smith,
Women to the Rescue,
pp. 54–55.

49.
Ibid., p. 56.

50.
“Two Roosevelt Bears for the Bronx Zoo; Cubs Caught in Colorado Brought to the Park. Named Teddy B and Teddy G. Presented to the Society by an Admirer of Their Namesake in the Sunday Times,”
New York Times
(June 1, 1906), p. 9.

51.
Ibid.

52.
Phillips Verner Bradford and Harvey Blume,
Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), p. 177.

53.
Jay Maeder, “The Little Man in the Zoo,” in
Big Town, Big Time: A New York Epic, 1898–1998
(New York:
New York Daily News
, 1999), p. 23.

54.
Ibid.

55.
“Benga Tried to Kill; Pygmy Slashes at Keeper Who Objected to His Garb,”
New York Times
(September 25, 1906), p. 1.

56.
Hornaday quoted in Maeder, “The Little Man in the Zoo.”

57.
“Negro Ministers Act to Free the Pygmy,”
New York Times
(September 11, 1906), p. 2.

58.
“African Pygmy’s Fate Is Still Undecided,”
New York Times
(September 18, 1906), p. 9.

59.
Ibid.

60.
Bradford and Blume,
Ota Benga,
p. 192.

61.
Hornaday quoted ibid., p. 220.

62.
Karl W. Gibson,
Saving Darwin: How to Be a Christian and Believe in Evolution
(New York: HarperOne, 2008), p. 73.

63.
Mattison, “Devils Tower.”

64.
Richard West Sellars,
Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 13.

65.
Roy M. Robbins,
Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain 1776–1936
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962), p. 333.

66.
Ellensburg
(Washington)
Dawn
(October 18, 1902), reprinted ibid.

67.
T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (August 24, 1906).

68.
Ibid.

69.
Ibid.

70.
Recommendations reported by W. A. Richards, F. H. Newell and Gifford Pinchot,
Annual Reports of the Interior
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905).

71.
Deanne Stillman,
Mustang: The Saga of the Wild Horse in the American West
(Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), p. 239.

72.
New York Times
(November 5, 1906), and
Washington Post
(November 5, 1906).

73.
T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (November 4, 1906), and T.R. to William Sewall (January 2, 1907).

74.
T.R., “Small Country Neighbors,”
Scribner’s Magazine,
Vol. 42, No. 4 (Ocober 1907).

75.
T.R. to William S. Harvey (September 16, 1906).

76.
Robbins,
Our Landed Heritage,
p. 336.

77.
William T. Hornaday, “John F. Lacey,”
Annals of Iowa,
XI, No. 1 (Des Moines, Iowa, April 1913, 3D series), pp. 582–584.

78.
T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (November 20, 1906).

79.
H. E. Anthony, “Panama Mammals Collected in 1914–1915,”
Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History
, Vol. 35 (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1916), pp. 357–376.

80.
T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (November 23, 1906).

81.
T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (December 5, 1906).

82.
Charles F. Lummis, “Strange Corners of our Country,”
St. Nicholas
(1891).

83.
Josh Protas,
A Past Preserved in Stone: A History of Montezuma Castle National Monument
(Tucson, Ariz.: Western National Parks Association, 2002).