This Changes Everything (88 page)

51
. Marc Gunther, “Nations Stalled
on Climate Action Could ‘Suck It Up,’ ” Bloomberg, June 18, 2012; Marc Gunther, “The Business of Cooling the Planet,”
Fortune
, October 7, 2011.

52
. Penty, “Calgary Firm a Finalist in Virgin’s $25M Green Technology Challenge”; Robert M. Dilmore, “An Assessment of Gate-to-Gate Environmental Life Cycle Performance of Water-Alternating-Gas CO
₂
-Enhanced Oil Recovery in the Permian Basin,” Executive
Summary, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/NETL-2010/1433, September 30, 2010, p. 1; Paulina Jaramillo, W. Michael Griffin, and Sean T. McCoy, “Life Cycle Inventory of CO
₂
in an Enhanced Oil Recovery System,”
Environmental Science & Technology
43 (2009): 8027–8032.

53
. 
Marc Gunther, “Direct Air Carbon Capture: Oil’s Answer to Fracking?” GreenBiz.com, March
12, 2012.

54
. “NRDC Calls on Major Airlines to Steer Clear of Highly Polluting New Fuel Types,” Natural Resources Defense Council, press release, January 10, 2008; Liz Barratt-Brown, “NRDC Asks Airlines to Oppose Dirty Fuels and Cut Global Warming Pollution,” Natural Resources Defense Council, January 10, 2008; Letter from Peter Lehner, Executive Director of the Natural Resources Defense Council,
to Gerard J. Arpey, Chief Executive Officer of American Airlines, January 9, 2008,
http://docs.nrdc.org
.

55
. Alan Knight, “Alberta Oil Sands Producers ‘Distracted from Ambition and Creativity,’ ”
Financial Post
, November 1, 2011; FOOTNOTE: Brendan May, “Shell Refuses to Save the Arctic, but Its Customers Still Could,”
Business Green
, July 24, 2013.

56
. Julie Doyle, “Climate Action and Environmental
Activism: The Role of Environmental NGOs and Grassroots Movements in the Global Politics of Climate Change,” in Tammy Boyce and Justin Lewis, eds.,
Climate Change and the Media
, (New York: Peter Lang, 2009), 103–116; Mark Engler, “The Climate Justice Movement Breaks Through,”
Yes!,
December 1, 2009; “Heathrow North-west Third Runway Option Short-Listed by Airports Commission,” Heathrow Airport,
press release, December 17, 2013.

57
. James Sturcke, “Climate Change Bill to Balance Environmental and Energy Concerns,
Guardian
, November 15, 2006. George Monbiot, “Preparing for Take-off,”
Guardian
, December 19, 2006; Dan Milmo, “Brown Hikes Air Passenger Duty,”
Guardian
, December 6, 2006; “Euro MPs Push for Air Fuel Taxes,”
BBC News
, July 4, 2006.

58
. Jean Chemnick, “Climate: Branson Calls
Carbon Tax ‘Completely Fair’ but Dodges Question on E.U. Airline Levy,”
E&E News
, April 26, 2012; Gwyn Topham, “Virgin Atlantic Planning Heathrow to Moscow Flights,”
Guardian
, July 2012; Richard Branson, “Don’t Run Heathrow into the Ground,”
Times
(London), June 30, 2008; FOOTNOTE: Roland Gribben, “Sir Richard Branson’s 5bn Heathrow Offer Rejected,”
Telegraph
, March 12, 2012.

59
. “Branson Criticises
Carbon Tax, Backs Biofuels,”
PM
, ABC (Australia), July 6, 2011; Rowena Mason, “Sir Richard Branson Warns Green Taxes Threaten to Kill Aviation,”
Telegraph
, December 16, 2009; FOOTNOTE: “Behind Branson,”
The Economist
, February 19, 1998; Juliette Garside, “Richard Branson Denies Being a Tax Exile,”
Guardian
, October 13, 2013; Branson,
Screw It, Let’s Do It
, 113-116.

60
. Matthew Lynn, “Branson’s
Gesture May Not Save Aviation Industry,” Bloomberg, September 26, 2006.

61
. “Virgin America Selling Carbon Offsets to Passengers,”
Environmental Leader
, December 5, 2008; John Arlidge, “I’m in a Dirty Old Business but I Try,”
Sunday Times
(London), August 9, 2009.

62
. Knight, “Alberta Oil Sands Producers ‘Distracted from Ambition and Creativity.’ ”

63
. Karl West, “Virgin Gravy Trains Rolls
On,”
Sunday Times
(London), January 16, 2011; Phillip Inman, “Privatised Rail Will Remain Gravy Train,”
Guardian,
July 4, 2011; Richard Branson, “It’s Nonsense to Suggest Virgin’s Success Has Depended on State Help,”
Guardian
, November 23, 2011.

64
. Gwyn Topham, “Privatised Rail Has Meant ‘Higher Fares, Older Trains and Bigger Taxpayers’ Bill,’ ”
Guardian
, June 6, 2013; Adam Whitnall, “Virgin
Trains Set for £3.5m Refurbishment—to Remove Smell from Corridors,”
Independent
(London), October 6, 2013; Will Dahlgreen, “Nationalise Energy and Rail Companies, Say Public,” YouGov, November 4, 2013.

65
. Penty, “Calgary Firm a Finalist in Virgin’s $25M Green Technology Challenge”; Gunther, “The Business of Cooling the Planet.”

CHAPTER 8: DIMMING THE SUN

1
. Newt Gingrich, “Stop the Green Pig:
Defeat the Boxer-Warner-Lieberman Green Pork Bill Capping American Jobs and Trading America’s Future,”
Human Events
, June 3, 2008.

2
. William James,
The Will to Believe: And Other Essays in Popular Philosophy
(New York: Longmans Green, 1907), 54.

3
. 
“Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance and Uncertainty,” Royal Society, September 2009, p. 62; “Solar Radiation Management: the Governance
of Research,” Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative, convened by the Environmental Defense Fund, the Royal Society, and TWAS, 2011, p. 11.

4
. Environmental Defense Fund, “Geoengineering: A ‘Cure’ Worse Than the Disease?”
Solutions
41 (Spring 2010): 10–11.

5
. EXPERIMENTS: Patrick Martin et al., “Iron Fertilization Enhanced Net Community Production but not Downward Particle Flux During
the Southern Ocean Iron Fertilization Experiment LOHAFEX,”
Global Biogeochemical Cycles
(2013): 871–881; “The Haida Salmon Restoration Project: The Story So Far,” Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation, September 2012; PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS: GeoLibrary, Oxford Geoengineering Programme,
http://www.geoengineer ing.ox.ac.uk
; SHIPS AND PLANES: John Latham et al., “Marine Cloud Brightening,”
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society A
370 (2012): 4247–4255; HOSES: David Rotman, “A Cheap and Easy Plan to Stop Global Warming,”
MIT Technology Review
, February 8, 2013; Daniel Cressey, “Cancelled Project Spurs Debate over Geoengineering Patents,”
Nature
485 (2012): 429.

6
. P. J. Crutzen, “Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?”
Climatic
Change
77 (2006): 212; Oliver Morton, “Is This What It Takes to Save the World?”
Nature
447 (2007): 132.

7
. Ben Kravitz, Douglas G. MacMartin, and Ken Caldeira, “Geoengineering: Whiter Skies?”
Geophysical Research Letters
39 (2012): 1, 3–5; “Geoengineering: A Whiter Sky,” Carnegie Institution for Science, press release, May 30, 2012.

8
. “Solar Radiation Management,” p. 16.

9
. Roger Revelle
et al., “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide,” in
Restoring the Quality of Our Environment,
Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel, President’s Science Advisory Committee, The White House, November 1965, Appendix Y4, p. 127.

10
. James Rodger Fleming,
Fixing the Sky: The Checkered History of Weather and Climate Control
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 165–188.

11
. Crutzen, “Albedo Enhancement
by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections,” 216.

12
. “When Patents Attack!”
Planet Money
, NPR, July 22, 2011.

13
. “The Stratospheric Shield,”
Intellectual Ventures
, 2009, pp. 3, 15–16; “Solving Global Warming with Nathan Myhrvold” (transcript),
Fareed Zakaria GPS
, CNN, December 20, 2009.

14
. Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner,
SuperFreakonomics
(New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 194.

15
. “A Future
Tense Event: Geoengineering,” New America Foundation,
http://www.newamerica.net
.

16
. Eli Kintisch,
Hack the Planet: Science’s Best Hope—or Worst Nightmare—for Averting Climate Catastrophe
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), 8; personal interview with James Fleming, November 5, 2010.

17
. “Inventors,” Intellectual Ventures,
http://www.intellectualventures.com
.

18
. GATES AND FUND: “Fund for
Innovative Climate and Energy Research,” Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford University,
http://dge.stanford.edu
; GATES AND CARBON ENGINEERING: “About CE,” Carbon Engineering,
http://carbonengineering.com
; GATES AND INTELLECTUAL VENTURES: Jason Pontin, “Q&A: Bill Gates,”
MIT Technology Review
, September/October 2010; PATENTS: U.S. Patent 8,702,982, “Water Alteration Structure and System,”
filed January 3, 2008; U.S. Patent 8,685,254, “Water Alteration Structure Applications and Methods,” filed January 3, 2008; U.S. Patent 8,679,331, “Water Alteration Structure Movement Method and System,” filed January 3, 2008; U.S. Patent 8,348,550, “Water Alteration Structure and System Having Heat Transfer Conduit,” filed May 29, 2009; TERRAPOWER: “Nathan Myhrvold, Ph.D.,” TerraPower,
http://terrapower.com
; BRANSON: “Stakeholder Partners,” Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative,
http://www.srmgi.org
.

19
. Jon Taylor, “Geo-engineering—Useful Tool for Tackling Climate Change, or Dangerous Distraction?” WWF-UK, September 6, 2012,
http://blogs.wwf.org.uk
.

20
. 
Alan Robock, “20 Reasons Why Geoengineering May Be a Bad Idea,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
64 (2008): 14–18; Clive Hamilton,
“The Ethical Foundations of Climate Engineering,” in
Climate Change Geoengineering: Philosophical Perspectives, Legal Issues, and Governance Frameworks
, ed. Wil C. G. Burns and Andrew L. Strauss (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 48.

21
. Francis Bacon,
Bacon’s New Atlantis
, ed. A. T. Flux (London: Macmillan, 1911); John Gascoigne,
Science in the Service of Empire: Joseph Banks, the
British State and the Uses of Science in the Age of Revolution
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 175.

22
. Personal email communication with Sallie Chisholm, October 28, 2012.

23
. “PRINTING PRESS AND FIRE”: Matthew Herper, “With Vaccines, Bill Gates Changes the World Again,”
Forbes
, November 2, 2011; RUSS GEORGE: “Background to the Haida Salmon Restoration Project,” Haida Salmon
Restoration Corporation, October 19, 2012, p. 2; ONE HUNDRED TONS: “Haida Gwaii Geo-engineering, Pt 2,”
As It Happens with Carol Off & Jeff Douglas
, CBC Radio, October 16, 2012; “THE CHAMPION”: Mark Hume and Ian Bailey, “Businessman Russ George Defends Experiment Seeding Pacific with Iron Sulphate,”
Globe and Mail
, October 19, 2012; “PANDORA’S BOX”: Jonathan Gatehouse, “Plan B for Global Warming,”
Maclean’s,
April 22, 2009; “IRRIGATION”: personal interview with David Keith, October 19, 2010.

24
. Wendell Berry,
The Way of Ignorance: And Other Essays
(Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2005), 54.

25
. Petra Tschakert, “Whose Hands Are Allowed at the Thermostat? Voices from Africa,” presentation at “The Ethics of Geoengineering: Investigating the Moral Challenges of Solar Radiation Management,”
University of Montana, Missoula, October 18, 2010.

26
. Alan Robock, Martin Bunzl, Ben Kravitz, and Georgiy L. Stenchikov, “A Test for Geoengineering?”
Science
327 (2010): 530; Alan Robock, Luke Oman, and Georgiy L. Stenchikov, “Regional Climate Responses to Geoengineering with Tropical and Arctic SO
₂
Injections,”
Journal of Geophysical Research
113 (2008): D16101.

27
. Robock, Bunzl, Kravitz,
and Stenchikov, “A Test for Geoengineering?” 530.

28
. Martin Bunzl, “Geoengineering Research Reservations,” presentation to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, February 20, 2010; Fleming,
Fixing the Sky,
2.

29
. Robock, Oman, and Stenchikov, “Regional Climate Responses to Geoengineering with Tropical and Arctic SO
₂
Injections”; K. Niranjan Kumar et al., “On the Observed Variability
of Monsoon Droughts over India
,
”
Weather and Climate Extremes
1 (2013): 42.

30
. Numerous papers have reproduced Robock’s results and found that SRM could have other potentially harmful impacts on the global water cycle and regional precipitation patterns. Notable recent examples include: Simone Tilmes et al., “The Hydrological Impact of Geoengineering in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison
Project (GeoMIP),”
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
118 (2013): 11,036–11,058; Angus J. Ferraro, Eleanor J. Highwood, and Andrew J. Charlton-Perez, “Weakened Tropical Circulation and Reduced Precipitation in Response to Geoengineering,”
Environmental Research Letters
9 (2014): 014001. The 2012 study is: H. Schmidt et al., “Solar Irradiance Reduction to Counteract Radiative Forcing
from a Quadrupling of CO
₂
: Climate Responses Simulated by Four Earth System Models,”
Earth System Dynamics
3 (2012): 73. An earlier study by the U.K. Met Office Hadley Centre had found that brightening clouds off the coast of southern Africa would cause an even greater, 30 percent reduction in precipitation in the Amazon that, according to the study press release, “could accelerate die-back of
the forest.” See: Andy Jones, Jim Haywood, and Olivier Boucher, “Climate Impacts of Geoengineering Marine Stratocumulus Clouds,”
Journal of Geophysical Research
114 (2009): D10106; “Geoengineering Could Damage Earth’s Eco-systems,” UK Met Office, press release, September 8, 2009. The 2013 study is: Jim M. Haywood et al., “Asymmetric Forcing from Stratospheric Aerosols Impacts Sahelian Rainfall,”
Nature Climate Change
3 (2013): 663.