Thomas Cromwell: Servant to Henry VIII (38 page)

64.
Ibid
., p. 127.

65.
Examination of Jerome Ragland, 28 October 1538. TNA SP1/138, f. 37
. L & P
,
XIII, ii, no. 702.

66.
L & P
, XIII, ii, no. 743.

67.
The Countess of Salisbury’s examination, 12 and 13 November 1538. TNA SP1/138, f. 243.
L & P
, XIII, ii, no. 818.

68.
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, pp. 364–5. Pierce,
Margaret Pole
, p. 139.

69.
For a full discussion of this issue, see
Ibid
., pp. 141–5.

70.
Ibid.
, pp. 149–53. See also Christopher Hollger, ‘Reginald Pole and the legations of 1537 and 1539; diplomatic and polemical responses to the break with Rome’. (Unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 1989).

71.
It seems to have been Henry, enraged by Reginald’s actions, both in his letter and in his legation, who was after blood. Cromwell kept his revenge within the boundaries of the law. At least a dozen other people could have suffered.

72.
Loades,
Jane Seymour
, p. 91.
ODNB
sub Edward Seymour.

73.
Henry was forty-six by this time, and not in the best of health. Even before Edward’s conception he had expressed doubts about his ability to beget more children.

74.
Cromwell to Lord William Howard and Stephen Gardiner (ambassadors in France), announcing the king’s intention to marry again.
L & P
, XII, no. 1004, printed in full by Merriman in
Life and Letters
, II, pp. 96–9.

75.
Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
, p. 337.

76.
L & P
, XIII, i, no. 241.

77.
Ibid
., no. 995.

78.
Ibid
., XIII, i, nos 56, 203. Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 356.

79.
Cromwell to Sir Thomas Wyatt, 10 October 1537.
L & P
, XII, ii, no. 870.

80.
John Hutton to Thomas Wriothesley, 2 June 1538.
L & P
, XII, i, no. 1126. Cromwell’s instructions to Philip Hoby, BL Add. MS 5498, ff. 1–2.
L & P
, XIII, i, no. 380. Merriman,
Life and Letters
, II, p. 121.

81.
L & P
, XIV, ii, no. 400. This report came from the reformer George Constantine.

82.
L & P
, XII, i, no. 1277. Hutton to Wriothesley, 28 June 1538
. L & P
, XIII, i, no. 241.

83.
Ibid
., ii, no. 77. Francis offered to send one of the girls to Calais to be inspected, but that was all.
Ibid
., no. 277.

84.
L & P
, XIV, i, no. 62. Chapuys was not withdrawn until his replacement (Mendoza) arrived, which rather destroyed the point of the gesture.
Ibid
, nos 345, 365.

85.
For a full examination of these defensive works, see H. M. Colvin.
The History of the King’s Works, IV, 1485–
1660
(1982).

86.
Mayer,
Reginald Pole
, p. 93. Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 363.

87.
Henry had been totally unwilling to accept the Confession of Augsburg, which the Germans made their minimum condition for admission to the League. Rory McEntegart,
Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation
(2002), pp. 131–68.

88.
Retha M. Warnicke,
The Marrying of Anne of Cleves
(2000), pp. 71, 75.

89.
State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII
, I, p. 605. L & P, XIV, i, no. 552.

90.
Ibid
., no. 920. Warnicke,
The Marrying
, p. 64.

91.
31 Henry VIII, c. 14,
Statutes of the Realm
, III, pp. 739–43.

92.
Warnicke,
The Marrying
, p. 98.

93.
Lisle Letters
, 5, nos 1574, 1620. Warnicke,
The Marrying
, p. 112.

94.
L & P
, XV, nos 822–3, 850.

95.
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, pp. 370–1.

6 Viceregent in Spirituals, 1536–1540

1.
David Daniell,
William Tyndale: a biography
(2001), pp. 208–20. William Tyndale,
Practice of Prelates
in
The whole workes of W Tyndall, John Frith and Doct. Barnes…
(1573),
RSTC
24436, in which he denounces the king’s use of Leviticus.

2.
Redworth,
In Defence of the Church Catholic
,
pp. 103–5.

3.
L & P
,
VIII, nos 75, 76. Merriman,
Life and Letters
,
I, p. 166. Logan, ‘Thomas Cromwell and the Viceregency in Spirituals; a revisitation’,
English Historical Review
,
103, 1988, pp. 658–67.

4.
TNA SP1/101, ff. 33–4.
L & P
, X, no. 45.

5.
Ibid
. Elton,
Policy and Police
,
p. 245. The letter is printed by Merriman (II, pp. 111–13), where it is wrongly dated to 1538.

6.
Burnet,
History of the Reformation of the Church of England
(1865), IV, pp. 272–90. Merriman,
Life and Letters
,
II, pp. 25–9.

7.
Elton,
Policy and Police
,
p. 247.

8.
W. H. Frere and W. M. Kennedy,
Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the period of the Reformation
(1910), II, p. 2.

9.
Ibid
., p. 5.

10.
Gerald Bray,
Tudor Church Reform: The Henrician Canons
(2000) pp. xxvi–xxx.

11.
Elton,
Policy and Police
,
p. 248. The Register was kept by William Saye, and was copied in part by Robert Beale, the Elizabethan Clerk of the Privy Council, BL Add. MS 48022, ff. 83–96.

12.
TNA SP1/109, f. 196.
L & P
,
XI, no. 876.

13.
TNA SP1/124, f. 56.
L & P
,
XII, ii, no. 534.

14.
L & P
,
XIII, i,
no. 942.

15.
Burnet,
History of the Reformation
,
IV, pp. 396–9. For Henry’s proclamation, see Hughes and Larkin,
Tudor Royal Proclamations
, I, pp. 270–6.

16.
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
,
p. 27.

17.
Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
, p. 111.
Cal. Span. 1529
–
30
, no. 211.
Ibid
., no. 492.

18.
Cal. Span.
,
1536
–
8
,
no. 43.

19.
Statute 27 Henry VIII, c. 28.
Statutes of the Realm
,
III, pp. 575–8. Elton,
Tudor Constitution
,
p. 379.

20.
For the working of the Viceregential court, see BL Add. MS 48022, ff. 83–96
. L & P
, X, nos 372, 774.

21.
Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
,
p. 115. The injunctions are printed in J. Youings,
The Dissolution of the Monasteries
(1971), pp. 149–52.

22.
L & P
,
V,
no. 1428.

23.
Ibid
., IX, no. 808.

24.
L & P,
XIII, i, no. 778, ii, 1121.

25.
Ibid
., no 1164.
L
&
P
,
X, no. 424.

26.
Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
,
pp. 119–20. For Kingswood, see
L
&
P
,
VIII, no. 73.

27.
TNA SP1/96, f. 127–8.
L
&
P
,
IX, nos 321–2.

28.
It was a myth propagated by John Foxe that Henry always followed the last advice he had been given. He was perfectly capable of making up his own mind on issues of this level of importance. Loades,
Henry VIII
,
pp. 214–5. For a typical plea by a nobleman see Thomas, Earl of Rutland, to Wriothesley, 12 September 1538.
L & P
, XIII, ii, no. 332.

29.
Youings,
Dissolution of the Monasteries. L & P
, X, no. 1152.

30.
Loades,
The Reign of Mary Tudor
,
pp. 96–128.

31.
Statute 27 Henry VIII, c. 27.
Statutes of the Realm
,
III, pp. 569–74.

32.
L
&
P
,
IX, nos 65, 279, 301. Elton,
Tudor Revolution in Government
,
pp. 192–3.

33.
BL Lansdowne MS 156, ff. 146–9.

34.
Elton,
Tudor Revolution
,
pp. 203–5. Memorandum to the Chancellor of Augmentations to send to the Exchequer a list of sequestered properties, 11 February 1538.
L
&
P
,
XIII, i, no. 253.

35.
TNA DL 5/6, ff. 204–5.

36.
TNA DL 12/7, no. 39. Elton,
Tudor Revolution
,
pp. 209–10.

37.
Ibid
., p. 212. W. C. Richardson,
A History of the Court of Augmentations
(1962).

38.
L & P
,
XIV, ii,
no. 13.

39.
Elton,
Tudor Revolution
,
p. 208. Richardson,
Augmentations.

40.
Ibid
., p. 206. For a list of the counties and how they were divided, see TNA E323/2B, pt l.

41.
TNA E361/11/49.

42.
Statute 33 Henry VIII, c. 39.

43.
For example the abbot of Whitby’s letter to the Lord Privy Seal in May 1538.
L & P
, XIII, i, no. 1113.

44.
Cranmer to Cromwell, 7 February 1538, asking him to write to the Bishop of London,
L & P
, XIV, i, no. 744. Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
,
pp. 118–9.

45.
State Papers,
I, p. 555.
L & P
,
XII, ii,
no. 289.

46.
C. Lloyd,
Formularies of the Faith put forth by Authority during the reign of Henry VIII
p. 26
et seq
.

47.
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
,
p. 406.

48.
The Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for any Christian Man
(1543),
RSTC
5168.

49.
For a full discussion of the Becket situation, see Elton,
Policy and Police
,
p. 257, n. 1. J. F. Davis, ‘Lollards, Reformers and St.Thomas of Canterbury’,
University of Birmingham Historical Journal
,
9, 1963, pp. 1–15.

50
. L & P
, XIII, i,
no. 231. S. Anglo,
Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy
(1969), p. 273. B. W. Beckinsale,
Thomas Cromwell, Tudor Minister
(1978), p. 126.

51.
David Daniell,
William Tyndale: a Biography
(1994), pp. 174–81.

52.
Frere and Kennedy,
Visitation Articles
,
p. 1
.

53.
D. Daniell,
The Bible in English: Its History and Influence
(2003), pp. 193–7.

54.
Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
,
p. 227. For a comparison of the Mathew, Tyndale and Coverdale editions, see Daniell,
William Tyndale
,
pp. 335–57.

55.
Clauses 2 and 3 of the Royal Injunctions. Frere and Kennedy,
Visitation Articles
,
pp. 35–6.

56.
Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
,
p. 227.

57.
Hughes and Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations, I, pp. 284–7,
RSTC
2068. Daniell,
The Bible in English
,
pp. 204–9.

58.
John Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
(1583) pp. 1102–24.

59.
Ibid
., p. 1122. John Lambert to Cromwell, 16 November 1538.
L & P
, XIII, ii, no. 849.

60.
Ibid
., p. 1123

61.
Cromwell to Sir Thomas Wyatt, 28 November 1538. BL Harley MS 282, f. 217.
L & P
,
XIII, ii, no. 924. Merriman,
Life and Letters
,
II, pp. 161–3. Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
,
p. 1124.

62.
Cromwell to Lord Lisle, 14 May 1538.
L & P
, XIII, i, no. 396.

63.
H. Ellis,
Original Letters Illustrative of English History
(1846), II, pp. 233–4.

64.
T. Wright (ed.),
Three Chapters of Letters Relating to the Dissolution of the Monasteries
(Camden Society, 26, 1843), p. 227.

65.
Ibid
., pp. 238–9.
L & P
,
XIII, ii, nos 593, 677, 866.
Ibid
., XIV, i, no. 1191, no. 787.

66.
L & P
,
XIV, i,
nos 441–3, 955, 981.

67.
Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
,
p. 351.

68.
MacCulloch,
Thomas Cranmer
,
pp. 266–8.

69.
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
,
p. 367. In fact they lingered on until August.

70.
Statute 31 Henry VIII, c. 14.
Statutes of the Realm
,
III, pp. 739–43.

71.
MacCulloch,
Thomas Cranmer
,
pp. 249–51.

72.
Statute 31 Henry VIII, c. 14. Elton,
Tudor Constitution
,
p. 400.

73.
A proclamation appointing Thomas Cromwell to approve a new translation of the Bible. Hughes and Larkin,
Tudor
Royal Proclamations
,
I, no. 192.

74.
M. Deansley,
The Lollard Bible
(1920), p. 295.

75.
Elton,
Policy and Police
,
p. 41. Alex Ryrie,
The Gospel and Henry VIII
, pp. 281–5.

76.
Elton,
Thomas Cromwell
,
pp. 20–22.

7 The Fall of Thomas Cromwell, 1539–1540

1.
Daniell,
Tyndale
,
pp. 189–95. This was in response to a proclamation against heretical books, dated by Hughes and Larkin ‘before 6 March 1529’ but in fact issued early in 1530. Elton,
Policy and Police
,
p. 218, n. 5.

2.
Daniell,
The Bible in English
,
p. 199.