Thomas Cromwell: Servant to Henry VIII (40 page)

21.
L & P
,
Addenda
,
nos 1056–7, 1063, 1075.

22.
Elton,
Policy and Police
,
p. 109.

23.
L & P
,
VI, no. 433. TNA SP6/1, no. 19.

24.
L & P
,
VI, no. 412. TNA SP1/75, f.229.

25.
Elton,
Policy and Police
,
p. 116,

26.
Ibid
., pp. 116–7.
L &
P
,
VI, no. 799 (2).

27.
L & P
,
VI, no 932.The old book of prophecies appears to have been the ‘Book of Merlin’, attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth. Rupert Taylor,
Political Prophecy in England
(1911), pp. 48
et seq
.

28.
Dobson’s collection of prophecies included bits of Merlin and Thomas of Erceldoune, but this reference to ‘the Crumme’ he would appear to have made up himself. Taylor,
Political Prophecy
,
pp. 48–58, 62–71.

29.
L
&
P
,
XII, ii, no. 1212; XIII, i, nos 107, 705. TNA SP1/127, ff. 63–7, 128, ff. 124, 131, f. 56.

30.
See the careful examinations of Henry’s foreign policy contained in Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
,
pp. 355–83 and Loades,
Henry VIII
,
pp. 261–98.

31.
Loades,
Mary Tudor
,
pp. 99–103.

32.
Chapuys was withdrawn in the spring of 1539 and Cromwell does not seem to have established a similar relationship with his successor, Mendoza.

33.
Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII, p. 367.

34.
Thomas Cromwell to Christopher Mont and Thomas Paynell, 10 March 1539. Merriman,
Life and Letters
,
II, pp. 186–90.

35.
For example, Sir George Lawson to Cromwell, 24 January 1537,
L &
P, XII, ii,
no. 219. Lawson was not the only one to appeal to Cromwell for funds. In January 1538 Sir Brian Tuke, the Treasurer of the Chamber, begged to be allowed £20,000 of the subsidy money, because he was out of funds.
L &
P
, XIII, i, no. 47.

36.
Merriman, I, p. 27.

37.
G. Cavendish,
The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey
,
ed. R. S. Sylvester and D. P. Harding (1962), p. 116.

38.
Elton, ‘The Political Creed…’, p. 225.

39.
G. W. Bernard,
The Late Medieval English Church
(2012), p. 34.

40.
Statutes of the Realm
,
III and IV.

41.
Merriman,
Life and Letters
,
I, p. 409.

42.
G. R. Elton, ‘Henry VIII’s Act of Proclamations’,
Studies
,
I, pp. 339–54.

43.
I. D. Thornley, ‘The Treason Legislation of Henry VIII’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
(1917), pp. 87–111.

44.
Statute 26 Henry VIII, c. 13.
Statutes of the Realm
,
III, pp. 508–9.

45.
Herrtage and Cooper,
England in the reign of Henry VIII
,
p. lxxi.

46.
F. L. Baumer, ‘Thomas Starkey and Marsiglio of Padua’,
Politica
, 2,
1936, p. 188.
L & P
,
VII, nos 422–3.

47.
Ewart Lewis,
Medieval Political Ideas
(1954), p. 543. S. Lockwood, ‘Marsilius of Padua and the case for the royal ecclesiastical supremacy’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 6th series, 1, 1991. Elton, ‘The Political Creed…’, p. 229.

48.
Ibid
., p. 230.

49.
The Defence of Peace
(1535),
RSTC
17817, ff. 27, 28, 45.

50.
‘Free though he was with deferential remarks about the Imperial Crown, it was not in a despotic king that he saw the law-giver…’, Elton, ‘The Political Creed…’, p. 233.

51.
Statute 24 Henry VIII, c. 12.
Statutes of the Realm
,
III, p. 427.

52.
Lewis,
Medieval Political Ideas
,
pp. 430
et seq
.

53.
Statute 25 Henry VIII, c. 21.
Statutes of the Realm
,
III, p. 464.

54.
For example,
L & P
,
XIII, i,
nos 677–9.

55.
Goronwy Edwards, ‘The Principality of Wales, 1267–1967’,
Transactions of the Caernarfonshire Historical Society
,
1969. R. R. Davies,
The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063
–
1415
(1992).

56.
Loades,
Tudor Government
(1997), p. 131. R. Somerville,
A History of the Duchy of Lancaster
(1953).

57.
Statute 27 Henry VIII, c. 24.
Statutes of the Realm
,
III, pp. 555–8.

58.
Ibid
., para xix.

59.
W. S. K. Thomas,
Tudor Wales
(1983), pp. 49–54. P. R. Roberts, ‘The “Act of Union” in Welsh History’,
Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion
(1972–3), p. 49.

60.
Loades,
Tudor Government
,
p. 51.

61.
J. R. Tanner,
Tudor Constitutional Documents
(1951), pp. 473–4. Statute 11 Henry VII, c. 2.
Statutes of the Realm
,
II, p. 569.

62.
Tanner, pp. 475–9. Statute 22 Henry VIII, c. 12.
Statutes of the Realm
,
III, p. 328.

63.
Ibid
., p. 558. Statute 27 Henry VIII, c. 25. Tanner, pp. 479–81.

64.
Ibid
., para xiii.

65.
E. Hatcher,
Plague, Population and the English Economy: 1348
–
1530
(1977). E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield,
The Population History of England
,
1541
–
1871: A Reconstruction
(1981). Susan Brigden,
New Worlds, Lost Worlds
(2000).

66.
By abolishing the office of Lord Chamberlain, and placing the Chamber and the Household together under the control of a Lord Great Master. This was a reform which lasted only three years, from 1540 to 1543. Loades,
The Tudor Court
(1986), pp. 203–4.

67.
G. R. Elton, ‘King or Minister? The Man behind the Henrician Reformation’,
Studies
,
I,
pp. 173–88.

68.
For example, Mary, Duchess of Richmond, wrote to Cromwell in April 1538, expressing her gratitude for all his kindness to her, and sending him a ‘small token’.
L & P
,
XIII, i, no. 876.

9 Historiography

1.
Richard Morison,
A remedy for sedition
(1536),
RSTC
18113.5. Thomas Starkey, An
exhortation to the people instructynge them to Unitie and Obedience
(1536),
RSTC
23236. Sir Thomas Elyot,
Pasquil the playne
(1533),
RSTC
7672.

2.
Letters and Papers
,
IX, no. 862. Printed by Merriman in
Life and Letters,
I, pp. 17–18.

3.
For Chapuys’s attitude to Cromwell see Elton,
Tudor Revolution in Government
,
pp. 71–4.

4.
Epistolarum Reginaldi Poll
,
ed. A. M. Quirini (1744–57). For a full discussion of the Exeter Conspiracy, see Hazel Pierce,
Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury
(2003).

5.
For Henry’s reputation in Europe, see Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII,
pp. 355–83.

6.
Hall,
Chronicle
,
p. 838.

7.
L & P
, XVI, no. 590.

8.
Bound volumes of printed broadsides, Volume I, Henry VIII to Elizabeth, folio 4. Society of Antiquaries of London. Hutchinson.
Thomas Cromwell
,
p. 264.

9.
Broadsides, folio 5.

10.
One of the reasons why the nobility hated Cromwell was because he imitated the lifestyle of a peer long before he was created one. Beckingsale,
Thomas Cromwell
,
pp. 61–5. His largesse far outdid that of the Bishop of Winchester’s house in Southwark. John Stow,
Survey of London
(ed. 1908), pp. 89, 91. Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
,
p. 286.

11.
If these grants had been made on Cromwell’s personal initiative, there would have been some chance that they would have been invalidated by his fall. This did not happen because he was always careful to ensure that grants were made by royal warrant. However the anxiety remained. Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
,
pp. 61–5.

12.
John Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
(1583), p. 1188. D. Loades, ‘Henry VIII and John Foxe’,
The John Foxe Bulletin
,
I (2002), pp. 5–12

13.
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
,
p. 1177.

14.
Foxe was born into the middle-class establishment of Boston in the year 1517 and moved to Coningsby while he was still very young, but he stayed in touch with his Boston roots. It cannot be proved that he knew Geoffrey Chamber’s family, but it is a reasonable supposition, and would explain the interest which he showed in this event.

15.
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
,
p. 1181.

16.
Ibid
., p. 1184

17.
Ibid.
, p. 1187

18.
Ibid.
, p. 1190. It seems that this prayer was taken from Hall, with whom it is almost identical.

19.
Raphael Holinshed,
Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland
(ed. 1807–8), p. 818.

20.
RSTC
7204.5

21.
‘Charles Dodds’ was the pseudonym of Hugh Tootel, and his work was probably published in London.

22.
William Stubbs,
Lectures on Medieval and Modern History
(1887), p. 281.

23.
J. A. Froude,
History of England
(1864), II, pp. 531–2. J. R. Green,
A Short History of the English People
(1874), pp. 331–2. The editions of Foxe were by S. R. Cattley and George Townsend (1837–41) and by Josiah Pratt (1870).

24.
R. B. Merriman,
Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell
(1902), I, passim.

25.
Ibid
., pp. 85–6.

26.
Ibid
., p. 86.

27.
Ibid
. The two letters are printed as nos 163 and 180. G. R. Elton argued that they were both forgeries, but without citing his evidence. Elton,
Thomas Cromwell
(ed. 2008), p. 19.

28.
John, Abbot of Fountains, to Cromwell, 16 March 1536,
L
&
P
,
X,
no. 484. He was also, for instance, Warden of the forests north of the Trent, Dean of Wells and Recorder of Bristol. Beckingsale,
Thomas Cromwell
,
p. 119

29.
Merriman,
Life and Letters
,
I, pp. 112–46.

30.
G. R. Elton,
Reform and Renewal
,
pp. 81–2.

31.
G. R. Elton,
The Tudor Revolution in Government
,
passim.

32.
Ibid
., pp. 423–4.

33.
G. R. Elton, ‘Tudor Politics: the points of contact: 1. The Parliament’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
,
5th series, 24, 1974, pp. 183–200.

34.
For example the first Chancellor was Richard Rich. Elton,
The Tudor Revolution
,
pp. 215–9.

35.
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
,
p. 471.

36.
Gerald Harriss and Penry Williams, ‘A Revolution in Tudor History?’,
Past and Present
,
25, 1963. Penry Williams,
The Tudor Regime
(1979), pp. 41–2.

37.
Elton,
Reform and Renewal
,
pp. 9–37.

38.
Ibid
., pp. 122–6.

39.
D. Starkey,
Revolution Reassessed
(1986), particularly Chapter 2, and the introduction to his
The English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War
(1987). D. Starkey, ‘Intimacy and innovation; the rise of the Privy Chamber 1485–1547’, in
The English Court
,
pp. 71–118.

40.
J. A. Guy, ‘The Privy Council; revolution or evolution?’ in
Revolution Reassessed.

41.
G. R. Elton,
Policy and Police
,
pp. 327–82.

42.
For a discussion of Cromwell’s doctrinal position, see A. G. Dickens,
Thomas Cromwell and the English Reformation
(1959), pp. 141–53.

43.
Elton,
Reform and Reformation
(1977), pp. 5–6.

44.
Published originally in the
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
,
5th series, Volume 6, 1956, pp. 69–92, and reprinted in
Studies
,
II, pp. 215–35.

45.
Dickens,
Thomas Cromwell and the English Reformation
,
p. 142.

46.
Glyn Redworth,
In Defence of the Church Catholic; a life of Stephen Gardiner
(1990), pp. 105–27.

47.
G. R. Elton,
Thomas Cromwell
(ed. 2008), p. 13.

48.
Ibid
.

49.
Schofield.
Thomas Cromwell
,
pp. 100–106.

50.
Robert Hutchinson,
Thomas Cromwell
,
pp. 264–70. Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
,
pp. 414–20. J. P. Coby,
Thomas Cromwell
(2012), pp. 232–5.

Manuscripts

The National Archives

E36

E344

E361

SP1/76, 96, 101, 105, 106, 109, 110, 112, 119, 124, 131,138, 139, 140

DL 5/6, 12/7

British Library

Cotton Cleopatra E iv

Cotton Otho C x

Cotton Titus B i

Additional 8715

Arundel 152

Lansdowne 156

Contemporary Printed Works

Alesius, Alexander,
Of the Authority of the Word of God against the Bishop of London
,
RSTC
292.

Bandello, M., Novella XXIV in
Tutte le Opere
(ed. 1966).