Read Those Who Have Borne the Battle Online
Authors: James Wright
Those Who Have Borne the Battle (48 page)
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48
Dower,
War Without Mercy
, 66. A recent book,
Bloody Pacific: American Soldiers at War with Japan
, by Peter Schrijvers, provides many examples of the attitudes of Americans toward Japanese. Few of the examples are inspiring.
Dower,
War Without Mercy
, 66. A recent book,
Bloody Pacific: American Soldiers at War with Japan
, by Peter Schrijvers, provides many examples of the attitudes of Americans toward Japanese. Few of the examples are inspiring.
50
Roger Daniels,
Concentration Camps USA: Japanese Americans and World War II
, 61. Daniels's scholarship on the subject is comprehensive and excellent.
Roger Daniels,
Concentration Camps USA: Japanese Americans and World War II
, 61. Daniels's scholarship on the subject is comprehensive and excellent.
51
Tami Davis Biddle,
Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas About Strategic Bombing, 1914â1945
, passim and see 228â229, 245.
Tami Davis Biddle,
Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas About Strategic Bombing, 1914â1945
, passim and see 228â229, 245.
52
Dower,
War Without Mercy
, 40â41. For a summary discussion of bombing strategies, see John Keegan,
The Second World War
, esp. Chapter 22.
Dower,
War Without Mercy
, 40â41. For a summary discussion of bombing strategies, see John Keegan,
The Second World War
, esp. Chapter 22.
56
Ibid., 61.
Ibid., 61.
57
Adam J. Berinsky,
In Time of War: Understanding American Public Opinion from World War II to Iraq
, 41.
Adam J. Berinsky,
In Time of War: Understanding American Public Opinion from World War II to Iraq
, 41.
59
Ibid., 25.
Ibid., 25.
61
Mark Leff, “Politics of Sacrifice on the American Home Front in World War II,” 1297.
Mark Leff, “Politics of Sacrifice on the American Home Front in World War II,” 1297.
62
Ibid., 1310.
Ibid., 1310.
64
Ibid., 98â99.
Ibid., 98â99.
66
Ibid., 163.
Ibid., 163.
71
Ibid., 48.
Ibid., 48.
72
Ibid., 61.
Ibid., 61.
73
Ibid., 64.
Ibid., 64.
74
Ibid., 69.
Ibid., 69.
77
Andrew J. Huebner,
The Warrior Image: Soldiers in American Culture from the Second World War to the Vietnam Era
, 55â56.
Andrew J. Huebner,
The Warrior Image: Soldiers in American Culture from the Second World War to the Vietnam Era
, 55â56.
78
Suzanne Mettler,
Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation
, esp. 64â72.
Suzanne Mettler,
Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation
, esp. 64â72.
85
Ibid., 86.
Ibid., 86.
89
Tom Brokaw,
The Greatest Generation
. See the preface, “Generations,” for a thoughtful discussion of how he came to his conclusion.
Tom Brokaw,
The Greatest Generation
. See the preface, “Generations,” for a thoughtful discussion of how he came to his conclusion.
90
Linderman,
World Within War
, 362; Roeder,
Censored War
, 155; Bodnar,
“Good War” in American Memory
, 235; K. Rose,
Myth and the Greatest Generation
, 1.
Linderman,
World Within War
, 362; Roeder,
Censored War
, 155; Bodnar,
“Good War” in American Memory
, 235; K. Rose,
Myth and the Greatest Generation
, 1.
92
Manchester, “Bloodiest Battle of All,” 84.
CHAPTER 4Manchester, “Bloodiest Battle of All,” 84.
1
For an account of this event, see Susan D. Moeller,
Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat
, 271;
Time
, July 17, 1950; and
New York Times
, July 7, 1950. See also Marguerite Higgins,
War in Korea: The Report of a Woman Combat Correspondent
, 64.
For an account of this event, see Susan D. Moeller,
Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat
, 271;
Time
, July 17, 1950; and
New York Times
, July 7, 1950. See also Marguerite Higgins,
War in Korea: The Report of a Woman Combat Correspondent
, 64.
2
Jeffrey Record,
Making War, Thinking History: Munich, Vietnam, and Presidential Uses of Force from Korea to Kosovo
, 38.
Jeffrey Record,
Making War, Thinking History: Munich, Vietnam, and Presidential Uses of Force from Korea to Kosovo
, 38.
4
Ernest R. May,
“Lessons” of the Past: The Use and Misuse of History in American Foreign Policy
, 82â83.
Ernest R. May,
“Lessons” of the Past: The Use and Misuse of History in American Foreign Policy
, 82â83.
8
Ibid., 79.
Ibid., 79.
9
Ibid., 83.
Ibid., 83.
11
John Toner, “American Society and the American Way of War: Korea and Beyond,” 80.
John Toner, “American Society and the American Way of War: Korea and Beyond,” 80.
14
Sun Yup Paik,
From Pusan to Panmunjom
, 108; John Byrne Cooke,
Reporting the War: Freedom of the Press from the American Revolution to the War on Terrorism
, 134.
Sun Yup Paik,
From Pusan to Panmunjom
, 108; John Byrne Cooke,
Reporting the War: Freedom of the Press from the American Revolution to the War on Terrorism
, 134.
15
Higgins,
War in Korea
, 181, 182; Roy E. Appleman,
East of Chosin: Entrapment and Breakout in Korea, 1950
, 340.
Higgins,
War in Korea
, 181, 182; Roy E. Appleman,
East of Chosin: Entrapment and Breakout in Korea, 1950
, 340.
16
Steven Casey,
Selling the Korean War: Propaganda, Politics, and Public Opinion in the United States, 1950â1953
, 150.
Steven Casey,
Selling the Korean War: Propaganda, Politics, and Public Opinion in the United States, 1950â1953
, 150.
21
Ibid.
Ibid.
22
Moeller,
Shooting War
, 305, 307. As Andrew Huebner summarizes, “Photographs and words during the summer of 1950 suggested that Americans in Korea were tired, miserable, and stoic. It was hard not to commiserate with the soldiers in the pictures, men with bloodshot eyes, men crying over the loss of a friend, men slumped dejectedly against each other, men pitifully wounded, men fated to die moments later.” There was, he concluded, a real “dissonance” between American expectations and the images that confronted them. Huebner,
Warrior Image
, 105.
Moeller,
Shooting War
, 305, 307. As Andrew Huebner summarizes, “Photographs and words during the summer of 1950 suggested that Americans in Korea were tired, miserable, and stoic. It was hard not to commiserate with the soldiers in the pictures, men with bloodshot eyes, men crying over the loss of a friend, men slumped dejectedly against each other, men pitifully wounded, men fated to die moments later.” There was, he concluded, a real “dissonance” between American expectations and the images that confronted them. Huebner,
Warrior Image
, 105.
24
See Eric V. Larson,
Casualties and Consensus: The Historical Role of Casualties in Domestic Support for U.S. Military Operations
, 19â24, for a good summary of this study. John Mueller's influential 1973 book,
War, Presidents, and Public Opinion
, had provided the most systematic analysis that linked war support inversely to numbers of casualties.
See Eric V. Larson,
Casualties and Consensus: The Historical Role of Casualties in Domestic Support for U.S. Military Operations
, 19â24, for a good summary of this study. John Mueller's influential 1973 book,
War, Presidents, and Public Opinion
, had provided the most systematic analysis that linked war support inversely to numbers of casualties.
26
Ibid., 170.
Ibid., 170.
29
James M. Gerhardt,
The Draft and Public Policy: Issues in Military Manpower Procurement, 1945â1970
, 185.
James M. Gerhardt,
The Draft and Public Policy: Issues in Military Manpower Procurement, 1945â1970
, 185.
32
Ibid., 124â125.
Ibid., 124â125.
34
“Men at War: Destiny's Draftee,”
Time
, January 1, 1951,
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,814140,00.html
.
“Men at War: Destiny's Draftee,”
Time
, January 1, 1951,
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,814140,00.html
.
35
T. R. Fehrenbach,
This Kind of War: A Study in Unpreparedness
, 163; Peter S. Kindsvatter,
American Soldiers: Ground Combat in the World Wars, Korea, and Vietnam
, 154.
T. R. Fehrenbach,
This Kind of War: A Study in Unpreparedness
, 163; Peter S. Kindsvatter,
American Soldiers: Ground Combat in the World Wars, Korea, and Vietnam
, 154.
36
Ibid., 152, 153.
Ibid., 152, 153.
37
Carol M. Highsmith and Ted Landphair,
Forgotten No More: The Korean War Veterans Memorial Story
, 36; Poole,
On Hallowed Ground
, 199.
Carol M. Highsmith and Ted Landphair,
Forgotten No More: The Korean War Veterans Memorial Story
, 36; Poole,
On Hallowed Ground
, 199.
41
Ibid., 128.
Ibid., 128.
47
Ibid., 351.
Ibid., 351.
55
Frank Paul Czyscon's memoir in the online record, “Korean War Educator,”
http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/czyscon_frank/index.htm
; Warren Wiedhahn, in conversation with the author. The Veterans of Foreign Wars insists they did provide early on for full membership for Korean veterans and suggest this was a local misunderstanding.
Frank Paul Czyscon's memoir in the online record, “Korean War Educator,”
http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/czyscon_frank/index.htm
; Warren Wiedhahn, in conversation with the author. The Veterans of Foreign Wars insists they did provide early on for full membership for Korean veterans and suggest this was a local misunderstanding.
58
Ibid., 156.
Ibid., 156.
59
See Albert D. Biderman,
March to Calumny: The Story of American POWs in the Korean War
, 278â282. When I joined the marines in 1957, we had to learn and
commit to this code, and we had training and films instructing us on how to evade or escape capture and how to conduct ourselves if we were prisoners. “Name, rank, and serial number” were the only things we should share.
See Albert D. Biderman,
March to Calumny: The Story of American POWs in the Korean War
, 278â282. When I joined the marines in 1957, we had to learn and
commit to this code, and we had training and films instructing us on how to evade or escape capture and how to conduct ourselves if we were prisoners. “Name, rank, and serial number” were the only things we should share.
60
Biderman,
March to Calumny
, provides a thorough analysis and refutation of the allegations. See also Adam Zwieback, “The 21 âTurncoat GIs': Nonrepatriations and the Political Culture of the Korean War,” 345â362.
Biderman,
March to Calumny
, provides a thorough analysis and refutation of the allegations. See also Adam Zwieback, “The 21 âTurncoat GIs': Nonrepatriations and the Political Culture of the Korean War,” 345â362.
61
Highsmith and Landphair,
Forgotten No More
, 92. Colonel Weber told me that the “memorial does not attempt to glorify war.”
Highsmith and Landphair,
Forgotten No More
, 92. Colonel Weber told me that the “memorial does not attempt to glorify war.”
62
Ibid., 86.
Ibid., 86.
63
Gordon McLemore quoted in Frank Paul Czyscon account in “Korean War Educator.”
CHAPTER 5Gordon McLemore quoted in Frank Paul Czyscon account in “Korean War Educator.”
2
Christopher S. Wren, “19-Year-Old Marine in Vietnam,” 19â22.
Christopher S. Wren, “19-Year-Old Marine in Vietnam,” 19â22.
3
Christopher S. Wren, “A Marine Comes Home from Vietnam,” 30â35.
Christopher S. Wren, “A Marine Comes Home from Vietnam,” 30â35.
9
Ibid., 85â88.
Ibid., 85â88.
12
Ibid., 105â106.
Ibid., 105â106.
15
H. R. McMaster,
Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam
, 325.
H. R. McMaster,
Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam
, 325.
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