Tidal Wave: How Women Changed America at Century's End (42 page)

²²
Jane Roberts Chapman, “Policy Centers: An Essential Resource,” in Irene Tinker, ed.,
Women in Washington
, p. 179.

²³
Davis,
Moving the Mountain
, pp. 148-152; Gelb and Palley, chapter 4, in Emily Card, ed.,
Staying Solvent: A Comprehensive Guide to Equal Credit for Women
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1985); Jane Roberts Chapman, “Policy Centers: An Essential Resource,” in Irene Tinker, ed.,
Women in Washington
, pp. 177-185.

²⁴
J. McKowan to Anne Truax, Pittsburgh, PA, June 20, 1971. This was an individually addressed, photocopied letter sent out to recruit women in colleges and universities into the NWPC. Other individuals were responsible for constituencies that included welfare rights, ethnic groups, students, peace and religious groups, political parties, trade unions, arts, professionals, civil rights, civil liberties, and women’s groups. Gender Issues Collection, NWPC Newsletter Box, Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

²⁵
The Initiating Committee, National Women’s Political Caucus to “Dear Friend,” Washington, D.C, June 1971, photocopy of letter with attached registration form for July 10-11, 1971, Organizing Conference, Gender Issues Collection, NWPC Newsletter Box, Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

²⁶
Ibid
.

²⁷
Rona F. Feit, “Organizing for Political Power: The National Women’s Political Caucus,” in Bernice Cummings and Victoria Schuck, eds.,
Women Organizing: An Anthology
(Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1979), p. 191.

²⁸
Ibid
., p. 188.

²⁹
NWPC
Newsletter
I, Washington, D.C, December 10, 1971.

³⁰
See M. Kent Jennings, “Women in Party Politics,” in Louise A. Tilly and Patricia Gurin, eds.,
Women, Politics, and Change
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990), pp. 223-226.

³¹
Mary Ziegenhagen, “To Members of the Minnesota Women’s Political Caucus: A Convention Report,” Burnsville, Minnesota, February 20, 1973, 2. SWHA; Shirley Chisholm subsequently observed, “The whole convention had been a bitter disappointment to many delegates from the women’s movement point of view; it had been organized from the start by the McGovern people to make sure that no group could upset the plan to nominate the South Dakota Senator.” Shirley Chisholm,
The Good Fight
(New York: Harper & Row, 1973), p. 128.

³²
NWPC Newsletter I: Convention Report
, vol. II, no. 1 (February-March, 1973): 2, 3.

³³
Rona F. Feit, “Organizing for Political Power: The National Women’s Political Caucus,” in Bernice Cummings and Victoria Schuck, eds.,
Women Organizing: An Anthology
(Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1979), p. 190; Mary Ziegenhagen, “To Members of the Minnesota Women’s Political Caucus.”

³⁴
Ibid
., p. 2.

³⁵
Avis Foley, “Report from Black Caucus, NWPC Conference—Houston,” Minnesota Women’s Political Caucus Newsletter (March 1973): 1-2.

³⁶
Ziegenhagen, “To Members of the Minnesota Women’s Political Caucus.”

³⁷
Toni Morrison, “What the Black Woman Thinks About Women’s Lib,”
New York Times Magazine
(August 22, 1971).

³⁸
Author’s interview with Lael Stegall, Washington, D.C, February 19, 1998.

³⁹
Bernette Golden, “Black Women’s Liberation,”
Essence
, vol. 4, no. 10 (February 1974): 36-37ff., quote on 36.

⁴⁰
National Black Feminist Organization, “Statement of Purpose,”
Ms
., vol. 2, no. 11 (May 1974): 99; see also “Black Feminism: A New Mandate” in the same issue of
Ms
., 97.

⁴¹
Caroline Handy interviewed in “Beating the System Together: Interview with a Black Feminist,”
off our backs
, vol. 3, no. 11 (October 1973): 2-3, quotes on 2.

⁴²
Quoted in “Input and Outreach: Day by Day at the NBFO,”
Ms
., vol. 2, no. 11 (May 1974): 100.

⁴³
Letter to the editor,
Ms
., vol. 3, no. 2 (August 1974): 4.

⁴⁴
Letter to the editor,
Ms
., vol. 3, no. 2 (August 1974): 4-6, quote on 6. Reprinted in Alice Walker,
In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens: Womanist Prose
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1983), pp. 273-277.

⁴⁵
Telephone interview with Lourdes R. Miranda by author, February 23, 1998. See also Lourdes Miranda King, “Puertofriquenos in the United States: The Impact of Double Discrimination,”
Civil Rights Digest
, vol. 6, no. 3 (Spring 1974): 20-27; Lourdes R. Miranda,
Hispanic Women in the United States: A Puerto Rican Women’s Perspective
(Washington, DC: Miranda Associates, 1986).

⁴⁶
For example,
Salt of the Earth
was the centerpiece for the 1968 Chicago Women’s Liberation International Women’s Day event on March 8. For the story of the strike, see Vicki Ruiz,
From out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 85.

⁴⁷
Interview with Eliza Sanchez, Washington, D.C, February 19, 1998.

⁴⁸
Author’s interview with Carol Bonasarro, Washington, D.C, December 16, 1997. “National Coalition Against Domestic Violence-Organizational Background,” 1994 (document available online via
FirstSearch
, Contemporary Women’s Issues Database).

⁴⁹
Ibid
.

⁵⁰
Civil Rights Digest
, vol. 6, no. 3 (Spring 1974).

⁵¹
National Council of Negro Women, “Women and Housing: Information
Sheet (1974), in Arvonne S. Fraser papers, 1948-1978, Box 13, Minnesota Historical Scoiety, St. Paul, MN.

⁵²
Dorothy I. Height to Arvonne S. Fraser, Washington, D.C, August 13, 1974, Arvonne S. Fraser papers, 1948-1978, Box 13, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, MN.

⁵³
Perhaps the most common concern of consciousness-raising groups among middle-class women was the problem of work, career, and identity. See Shreve,
Women Together, Women Alone
, p. 103.

⁵⁴
Author’s interview with Dorothy Nelms, Washington, D.C, February 29, 1968.

⁵⁵
Ibid
.

⁵⁶
Among the earliest were the Women’s Caucus for Political Science (1968), the Coordinating Committee for Women in the Historical Profession (1969), the Society for Women in Philosophy (1970), and the Committee on Women in Physics (1971). The American Association for University Professors also reactivated its “Committee W” on women at a national level in 1970. Catharine R. Stimpson with Nina Kressner Cobb, Women’s Studies in the United States: A Report to the Ford Foundation (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986), p. 5.

⁵⁷
See Kay Klotzberger, “Political Action by Academic Women,” in Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood, eds.,
Academic Women on the Move
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1973), pp. 359-391; “Women’s Groups in Professional Associations,” in Mariam K. Chamberlain, ed.,
Women in Academe: Progress and Prospects
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1988), pp. 275-298.

⁵⁸
See Florence Howe and Paul Lauter.
The Impact of Women’s Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines
(Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institute of Education, 1980); and Catharine R. Stimpson, “The New Scholarship About Women: The State of the Art,”
Annals of Scholarship
I (Spring 1980): 2-14. This new generation, of course, built on the work of pioneering scholars who had begun their work in the fifties and before. Among the most important of these were sociologists Jessie Bernard and Alice Rossi and historians Gerda Lerner and Anne Firor Scott.

⁵⁹
Just the previous year the AHA had appointed a Commission on the Status of Women in the Historical Profession headed by Professor Willie Lee Rose. Rose’s report resulted in the establishment of a standing committee on the status of women. See Kay Klotzburger, “Political Action by Academic Women,” in Alice S. Rossi and Ann Calderwood, eds.,
Academic Women on the Move
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1973), pp. 364-365, 389.

⁶⁰
Bernice Sandler, “A Little Help from Our Government: WEAL and Contract Compliance,” in Alice S. Rossi and Ann Calderwood, eds.
Academic Women on the Move
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1973), pp. 440-441; and Mary Ann Millsap, “
Sex Equity in Education
,” in Irene Tinker, ed.,
Women in Washington: Advocates for Public Policy
(Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983), pp. 92-93.

⁶¹
By contrast, the total number of applicants tripled in that same time. SeeDonna Fossum, “A Lawyer-Sociologist’s View on Women’s Progress in the Profession,” in Emily Couric, ed.,
Women Lawyers: Perspectives on Success
(New York: Law and Business, 1984), p. 257.

⁶²
Lei Etta Robinson, ed., AAMC Data Book: Statistical Information Related to Medical Schools and Teaching Hospitals, January 2001 (Washington, D.C: Association of American Medical Colleges, 2001), p. 23.

⁶³
This story about harassment of chemistry graduate students is one I heard on several occasions from colleagues in the sciences soon after my arrival at the University of Minnesota in 1976. It had been presented as part of the evidence in a class action suit brought by a chemistry professor, Shamala Rajender, in 1974.

⁶⁴
Author’s interview with Kathleen Graham, St. Paul, Minnesota, September 18, 2001. I had a similar experience in 1969, when my first advisor in graduate school outlined a course of study and said, “Here is when you will take your exams, unless you decide to have a baby and leave school” (my son was 6 months old at the time). In the 7 years of my graduate training, the composition of the profession palpably changed, leaving my doctoral advisor to reminisce nostalgically about the days when the American Historical Society meeting was a “stag affair.”

⁶⁵
Sandra Hughes Boyd, “A Woman’s Journey Toward Priesthood: An Autobiographical Study from the 1950s through the 1980s,” in Catherine M. Prelinger, ed., Episcopal Women: Gender, Spirituality and Commitment in an American Mainline Denomination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 273. See also reports in The Christian Century (November 18, 1970): 1391; (July 1, 1970): 827; (December 2, 1970): 1443; (September 2, 1970), 1047; Suzanne R. Hiatt, “How We Brought the Good News from Graymoor to Minneapolis: An Episcopal Paradigm,”
Journal of Ecumenical Studies
, 20 (1983): 576-584.

⁶⁶
See Heather Ann Huyck, “To Celebrate a Whole Priesthood: The History of Women’s Ordination in the Episcopal Church” (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1981); Catherine M. Prelinger, “Ordained Women in the Episcopal Church: Their Impact on the Work and Structure of the Clergy,” in Prelinger, ed.,
Episcopal Women
, pp. 285-309.

⁶⁷
Author’s interview with Day Piercy, Chicago, Illinois, July 16, 1981.

⁶⁸
Author’s interviews with Ellen Cassedy, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, July 11, 1981; Heather Booth, Chicago, Illinois, July 15, 1981; Day Piercy, July 16, 1981.

⁶⁹
Interview with Darlene Stille by Harry C. Boyte, Chicago, Illinois, April 28, 1977. Also quoted in Evans,
Personal Politics
, pp. 229-230.

⁷⁰
Chicago Sun-Times
, “Irate at Firing: Secretaries Boil, Try Coffee Coup” (February 4, 1977): 1; Chicago Tribune, “Coffee Case-Grounds for Protest” (February 4, 1977, sec. 1): 3; Chicago Daily News (February 3, 1977): 3. Piercy interview. Quotes from Sun-Times.

⁷¹
See Ellen Cassedy and Karen Nussbaum, 9 to 5:
The Working Woman’s Guide to Office Survival
(New York: Penguin Books, 1983), and Ellen Bravo and Ellen Cassedy, 9 to 5
Guide to Combating Sexual Harassment
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1992).