Tolstoy (87 page)

36. S. A. Tolstaya,
Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910,
Moscow, 1936, 146.

37. Alekseev, 'Vospominaniya', 250—263. See also, 85, 80.

38. Tolstaya,
Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu,
150.

39. Gusev 3, 476.

40. Gusev 3, 476—467.

41. 
Letopis'
1, 491.

42. Gusev 3, 476.

43. JE 83 ,249.

44. S. M. Tolstoi, 'Edinstvennaya sestra',
Prometei,
12 (1980), 273.

45. 
Letopis'
1, 493, 497.

46. 
Letopis'
1, 492, 495.

47. It was estimated that there were between 20 and 35 million Old Believers and sectarians in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, and that as much as a third of the population was sectarian by 1917: see A. Etkind,
Khlyst: sekty, literatura i revolyutsiya,
Moscow, 1998, 34.

48. Robin Milner-Gulland,
The Russians,
Oxford, 1997, 123.

49. N. Berdyaev, 'Dukhovnoe khristianstvo i sektantstvo v Rossii',
Russkaya mysl',
11 (1916).

50.
 Khlysty
also means 'flagellants', but they did not as a rule practise flagellation.

51. Malcolm V. Jones, 'A Note on Mr. J. G. Blissmer and the Society for the Encouragement of Spiritual and Ethical Reading',
Slavonic and East European Review,
130; (January 1975X 93.

52. See E. Heier,
Religious Schism in the Russian Aristocracy 1860–1900: Radstockism and Pashkovism,
The Hague, 1970.

53. N. A. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami,
Moscow, 1990, 266–268, 284.

54. S. A. Behrs,
Recollections of Count Leo Tolstoy,
tr. Charles Edward Turner, London, 1893, 95.

55. Donald Mackenzie Wallace,
Russia,
London, 1877, 294.

56. Mackenzie Wallace,
Russia,
331.

57. Gusev 3, 509.

58. Sukhotina-Tolstaya,
Vospominaniya,
245.

59. Gusev 3, 512–514.

60. Gusev 3, 533, 536.

61.
 Letopis'
1, 488.

62. Jules Montels, 'L'Etat d'ame de Tolstoï en 1878–1880',
Les TempsNouveaux,
10 December 1910, 5–6.

63. Gusev 3, 538.

64. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 100.

65. JE 62, 477.

66. Gusev 3, 564.

67. Gusev 3, 566.

68. JE 62, 487.

69. Gusev 3, 567.

70. Gusev 3, 570.

71. See Christine Worobec, 'The Unintended Consequences of a Surge in Orthodox Pilgrimages in Late Imperial Russia',
Russian History,
36 (2009), 62–76.

72. Gusev 3, 584.

73. Gusev 3, 585.

74. 2 Peter, 2: 22: 'Of [False Teachers] the proverbs are true: "A dog returns to its vomit".' Proverbs 26: 11 reads: 'As a dog returns to its vomit, so a fool returns to its folly.'

75. Gusev 3, 603.

76. Gusev 3, 609.

77. Gusev 3, 610.

78. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Prometei,
12 (1980), 168.

79. Gusev 3, 506.

80. Gusev 3, 644.

81. Gusev 3, 625.

82. JE 83, 270.

83. Count N. [sic] Tolstoi,
Childhood and Youth,
tr. M. von Meysenbug, London, 1862.

84. See Will Ryan, 'W. R. S. Ralston and the Russian Folktale',
Folklore,
120 (2009), 2, 123—132.

85. JE 62, 448.

86. W. R. S. Ralston, 'Count Leo Tolstoy's Novels',
The Nineteenth Century,
4 (1879), 651.

87. Konstantin Mochulsky,
Dostoevsky: His Life and Work,
tr. Michael A. Minihan, Princeton, 1967, 639.

88. Gusev 3, 639.

89. 
Letopis'
1, 531.

90. 
Letopis'
1, 526—527.

91. Gusev 3, 641.

92. Gusev 3, 653.

93. Gusev 3, 637.

94. Gusev 3, 640.

95. Gusev 3, 612.

96. See Pal Kolstø, 'Leo Tolstoy, a Church Critic Influenced by Orthodox Thought', in
Church, Nation and State in Russia and Ukraine,
ed. Geoffrey Hosking, London, 1991, 148—66.

97. Gusev 3, 619—625.

98. JE 28,541.

99. Gusev 3, 613.

100. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 507—508.

101. Gusev 3, 667.

102. 
Novum Testamentum Graece. Textum adfidem codicum, versionum, et patrum recensuit et lectionis varietatem adjecit D. Jo. Jac. Griesbach,
Jena, 1818; Edouard Reuss,
La Bible. Traduction nouvelle avec introduction et commentaires,
17 vols, Paris, 1764—1881.

103. Ernest J. Simmons,
Tolstoy,
London, 1973, 107.

104. See David Matual,
Tolstoy's Translation of the Gospels: A Critical Study,
Lewiston, 1992.

105. I. I. Ivakin, 'Vospominaniya o Tolstom',
Literaturnoe nasledtsvo,
69 (1961), vol. 2, 40.

106. Ivakin, 'Vospominaniya o Tolstom', 40.

107. JE 24,25.

108. Gusev 3, 670.

109. Vladimir Zhdanov,
Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo
(1928), Moscow, 2005, 214.

110. Gusev 3, 18.

111. Ray Monk,
Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius,
Oxford, 1990, 116.

112. Gusev 3, 28.

113. 
Letopis'
1, 537.

114. 
L. N. Tolstoi v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov,
2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 293—315; S. Tolstaya. 'Iz zapisok Grafini Sofii Andreevny Tolstoi pod zaglaviem 'Moya zhizn'. 'Chetyre poseshcheniya gr. L'va Nikolaevicha Tolstogo monastyrya "Optina Pustyn"',
Tolstovskii ezhegodnik,
Moscow, 1913, 4—6.

115. JE 83,300,304–305.

116. Gusev 3, 67.

117. Gusev 3, 73.

118. Zhdanov,
Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo,
217.

11 Sectarian, Anarchist, Holy Fool

1. JE 63,194.

2. JE 25,173–181.

3. Matthew, 25: 31, 35–36.

4. 'Dopolnitel'nye voprosy k lichnym kartam statisticheskoi perepisi predlagaemye Antoshei Chekhonte',
Budil'nik,
5 (1882), 65; A. P. Chekhov,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i pisem v tridtsati tomakh,
ed. N. F. Bel'chikov et al., Moscow, 1974–83, Sochineniya, vol. 1, 116.

5. N. N. Gusev,
Materialy k biografii L. N. Tolstogo's 1881 po 1886god,
Moscow, 1970 [Gusev 4], 124.

6. Gusev 4, 149.

7. S. A. Tolstaya,
Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910,
Moscow, 1936, 179.

8. Gusev 4, 125.

9. N. A. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami,
Moscow, 1990, 377.

10. Gusev 4, 126.

11. Leonid Kavelin,
Istoricheskoe opisanie Korennoi Rozhdestvo-Bogoroditskoi Pustyni,
Moscow, 1876.

12. David Jackson,
The Wanderers and Critical Realism in Nineteenth-Century Russian Painting,
Manchester, 2006, 44.

13.
 The Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi,
preface and notes by Vasilii Spiridonov, tr. S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf, Richmond, 1922, 50.

14. 'Shlissel'burgskaya krepost", 12 (1880), 'Znachenie sektantstva v russkoi narodnoi zhizni', 1 (1881), 'Raskol i ego issledovateli', 2 (1881), 'Alchuchshie i zhazhdushchie pravdy', 10, 12 (1881), 1 (1882).

15. Gusev 4, 155.

16. Gusev 4, 171.

17. Gusev 4, 159–160.

18. N. Nikitina,
Sof'ya Tolstaya,
Moscow, 2010, 126.

19. Gusev 4, 150.

20. Gusev 4, 165.

21. JE 83, 378.

22. JE 83, 384.

23. JE 83, 382.

24. Gusev 4, 172.

25. Gusev 4, 173.

26. N. N. Gusev,
Letopis'zhizni L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890,
Moscow, 1958 [
Letopis'
1], 559—560.

27. See
Letopis'
1, 566, for example.

28. Gusev 4, 207—208.

29. Gusev 4, 209.

30. Gusev 4, 217.

31. Gusev 4, 156.

32. Gusev 4, 217. Prince Leonid Urusov is not to be confused with Tolstoy's other friend Prince Sergey Urusov.

33. Gusev 4, 218.

34. Gusev 4, 217.

35. JE 63, 124.

36. Georgy Orekhanov,
V. G. Chertkov v zhizniL. N. Tolstogo,
Moscow, 2009, 17.

37. Orekhanov,
V. G. Chertkov v zhizni Tolstogo,
25—27.

38. Alexander Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia: The Partnership of Leo Tolstoy and Vladimir Chertkov
, Lanham, Md, 1989, 44.

39. Orekhanov,
V. G. Chertkov v zhizni Tolstogo,
26. Orekhanov claims that Chertkov met the 'pastor John Kenworthy', who was 'sympathetic to Tolstoy's views' during this period, but this is unlikely as Kenworthy (see ch. 12) was only sixteen in 1879.

40. Gusev 4, 224.

41. Orekhanov,
V. G. Chertkov v zhizni Tolstogo,
25—26.

42. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
47.

43. Orekhanov,
V. G. Chertkov v zhizni Tolstogo,
31.

44. Letter to'S. A. Tolstaya, 29 January 1884;
Letopis'
1, 8, 570.

45. Peter Brang,
Ein Unbekanntes Russland: Kulturgeshichte vegetarischer Lebensweisen von den Anfängen biz zur Gegenwart,
Cologne, 2002, 151—152.

46. Gusev 4, 249.

47. Gusev 4, 254.

48. Gusev 4, 256.

49. L. N. Tolstoy,
Vchem moya vera,
in JE 23, 304—465.

50. N. Berdyaev, 'Vetkhii i Novyi Zavet v religioznom soznanii L. Tolstogo',
O religii L'va Tolstogo,
Moscow, 1912, reprinted in
Russkie mysliteli o L've Tolstom,
ed. V. I. Tolstoi, Tula, 2002, 366.

51. JE 63, 242. See also Henry Gifford,
Tolstoy,
Oxford, 1982, 46.

52. M. Arnold, 'Count Leo Tolstoi',
Fortnightly Review,
48 (1887), 783—99, reprinted in
Tolstoi and Britain,
ed. W. Gareth Jones, Oxford, 1995, 105—124.

53. Gusev 4, 228.

54. JE 23, 368.

55. Gusev 4, 262—263.

56. Gusev 4, 270. Sonya omitted the latter, and most critical, part of this letter when quoting it later in her autobiography.

57. Gusev 4,323.

58. Gusev 4,325.

59. Gusev 4,331.

60. Gusev 4,333–334.

61. 
Letopis'
1, 583.

62. Vladimir Zhdanov,
Lyubov'v zhizniL. N. Tolstogo
(1928), Moscow, 2005, 243.

63. Gusev 4,334.

64. Gusev 4,337–338.

65. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Novy mir,
8 (1978), 62.

66. Tolstaya,
Pis'ma,
158, 199.

67. Gusev 4, 351.

68. T. L. Sukhotina-Tolstaya,
Dnevnik,
ed. T. Volkova, Moscow, 1984, 10.

69. JE ,433, 437 44,446.

70. Fodor,
A Questfor a Non-Violent Russia,
50.

71. Fodor,
A Questfor a Non-Violent Russia,
52—53.

72. Fodor,
A Questfor a Non-Violent Russia,
63.

73. Fodor,
A Questfor a Non-Violent Russia,
57.

74. 
Letopis'
1, 601.

75. 'How Much Land Does a Man Need?', for example, was published in
Russian Wealth
in April 1886.

76. Gusev 4, 419.

77. Tolstaya,
Pis'ma,
297.

78. 
Letopis'
1, 619.

79. 
Letopis'
1, 646, 670, 723.

80. Tolstoy,
What Then Must We Do?,
tr. Aylmer Maude, Oxford, 1935.

81. See T. L. Motyleva,
Khudozhestvennyeproizvedeniya L. N. Tolstogo vperevodakh na inostrannyeyazyki: otdel'nye zarubezhnye izdaniya: bibliografiia,
Moscow, 1961.

82. 
Letopis'
1, 595.

83. Gusev 4, 385.

84. 
Letopis'
1, 597.

85. JE 63, 338.

86. JE 63, 334.

87. See Andrew Donskov,
L. N. Tolstoi i T. M. Bondarev:perepiska,
Munich, 1996.

88. JE 25, 386. In 1958, the village of Iyudino, where Bondarev was exiled, was renamed Bondarevo, and a statue of him was erected in 2005. In 2008, the regional capital of Abakan hosted a conference entitled 'Lev Tolstoy and the Siberian peasant philosopher and lover of truth Timofey Bondarev'.

89. A. S. Skorokhodova, '"Russkii" religioznyi pozitivist V. Frei',
Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya,
9 (1997), 93—98.

90. S. A. Tolstaya,
Povarennaya kniga'S. A. Tolstoi,
Tula, 1991, 45.

91. Tolstaya,
Povarennaya kniga,
51.

92. 
Letopis'
1, 699.

93. 
Letopis'
1, 615.

94. Zhdanov,
Lyubov' v zhizn Tolstogo,
258.

95. Zhdanov,
Lyubov' v zhizn Tolstogo,
260.

96. Tolstaya,
Pis'ma,
376.

97. JE 83, 576.

98. JE 85, 392—396; N. N. Gusev,
Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L'va Nikolaevicha Tolstogo, 1891–1910 [Letopis'
2], Moscow, 1960, 91.

99. L. D. Opul'skaya,
Materialy k biografii L. N. Tolstogo, 1886–1892,
Moscow, 1979 [Opul'skaya 1], 91.

100. S. A. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh,
ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 115.

101. Opul'skaya 1, 110;
Letopis'
2, 713.

102. Opul'skaya 1, 27—28.

103. Opul'skaya 1, 62—63.

104. 
Letopis'
2, 659—661.

105. Opul'skaya 1, 117.

106. S. L. Tolstoi, 'Muzykal'nye proizvedeniya, lyubimye L. N. Tolstym (po vospominaniyam'S. L. Tolstogo)',
Tolstovskii ezhegodnik,
St Petersburg, 1913, 161—162.

107. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 121; Opul'skaya 1, 120—121.

108. Opul'skaya 1, 131—132.

109. Opul'skaya 1, 123.

110. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
57—58.