Tudor Queens of England (44 page)

22 Dominic Mancini,

The Usurpation of Richard III
, ed. C.A.J. Armstrong, (London, 1969), pp. 63, 111.

23

Calendar of State Papers, Milan
, I, pp. 235–7.

24 W.H. Black,

Illustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry
(London, 1840), pp. 27–40. 25 Mancini,
Usurpation
, p. 107. Mancini believed that he had caught a cold while out fi shing. The modern diagnosis is a stroke.

26 Ibid., pp. 74–5.

27 ‘Croyland Chronicle’, p. 566. Charles Ross,

Richard III
, (London, 1981), p. 74 and n. 28 With Lady Elizabeth Butler (née Talbot). Edward’s own legitimacy was also impugned, despite the fact that his mother, Cecily, was still alive.

29

Great Chronicle
, pp. 234, 236. The fact that Elizabeth supported the proposal to marry her daughter to the Earl of Richmond is also evidence that she believed her sons to be dead by the autumn of 1483.

30 W. Campbell (ed.)

Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry VII
, (London, 1873–7), vol. II, p. 273.

N O T E S T O PA G E S 6 2 – 8 4

239

31

Calendar of the Patent Rolls
, 1485–9, p. 302.

Notes to Chapter 4: The Queen as Helpmate: Elizabeth of York
1 Henry’s claim came through his mother, who was the daughter of John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. John was the son of the Earl of Somerset of the same name, and grandson of John of Gaunt via Katherine Swynford, his third wife. Henry IV was Gaunt’s son by his fi rst marriage. The trouble with this pedigree was that Katherine’s marriage had only been recognized posthumously, with a bar on claims to the throne. Of course it was possible to argue that the marriage had been valid all along and that therefore no such condition had force. This was the line that Henry’s supporters took but it was not very convincing. There was, fortunately, no doubt about Henry’s own legitimacy, despite the unusual nature of his parents’ wedding.

2 Richard

Grafton’s

Chronicle
(1568) described it as ‘a wrest to the harpe to set all the stringes in a monachorde and tune … by reason of which marriage peace was thoughte to descende out of heaven into Englande …’ (London, 1809), pp. 159–60).

3 Grafton,

Chronicle
, p. 95.

4 William Fulman, (ed.),

Rerum Anglicorum Scriptores
(London, 1684), pp. 567–8. 5 Ibid., p. 572.

6

Rotuli Parliamentorum
, VI, p. 278.

7

Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1202–1509
, p. 158. 8
Calendar of the Papal Registers
, XIV (1960), pp. 1–2, 14–28. The Ricardian statute declaring (among other things) Elizabeth’s bastardy, had been quietly repealed. 9
Rotuli Parliamentorum
, VI.
Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1494–1509
, p. 8. 10
Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1485–1494
, p. 369. 11 Ibid.

12 N.H. Nicolas, (ed.),

The Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York
, (London, 1830). 13 Jasper was Chief Justice of North Wales at the time.

14 John Skelton,

Works
, ed. Alexander Dyce (1843), I, p. 129. 15 T. Rymer,
Foedera, conventions, literae et cuiuscunque generis carta publica
, (1704–35), XII, p. 303.

16 Ibid, pp. 420–8. G.A. Bergenroth,

Calendar of State Papers, Spanish
, (London, 1862) I, p. 21. 17 Ibid, pp. 714–9.

18 A.H. Thomas and I.D. Thornley,

The Great Chronicle of London
, (London, 1938), p. 306. 19 C.L. Kingsford (ed.),
Chronicle of London
, (1905), p. 255. 20 Polydore Vergil,
Anglica Historia
, ed. Hay, p. 133. 21 Ibid.

22 Rymer,

Foedera
, XII, pp. 635–6. S.B.Chrimes,
Henry VII
, (London, 1862), p. 284. 23 Ibid, p. 803.

24 Ibid, XIII, pp. 76–86.

25 In 1506 Ferdinand came to the rescue by formally accrediting her as his ambassador in England, thus giving her both status and function. It is not clear that her fi nancial situation was much ameliorated.

240

N O T E S T O PA G E S 8 4 – 1 0 0

26 J. Gairdner (ed.),

Memorials of King Henry VII
, (1858), pp. 223–39. 27 Rymer,
Foedera
, XIII, pp. 259–61.

28 Ibid, cited from the Venetian Ambassador.

Notes to Chapter 5: The Queen as Foreign Ally: Catherine of Aragon and Anne of
Cleves

1 The ceremony itself created only a bar of what was called ‘public honesty’, which the dispensation did not cover. Wolsey later tried to exploit this omission. 2

Calendar of State Papers, Spanish
, I, pp. 375–440. 3 De Puebla was intelligent and immensely experienced but he was now becoming elderly and infi rm. However, his real weakness was his lack of aristocratic status. Garrett Mattingly,

‘The Reputation of Dr De Puebla’,

English Historical Review
, (1940), 55, pp. 27–46. 4 Fuensalida eventually fell out with Catherine, much to his disadvantage. Duke of Alba (ed.),
Correspondencia de Gutierre Gomez de Fuensalida
, (1907). 5 Henry was created Prince of Wales on 18 February 1504, but after Arthur’s death the Council in the Marches became moribund.

6 Edward

Hall,

Chronicle
, p. 507.

7

Correspondencia de Gutierre Gomez de Fuensalida
, pp. 518
et seq
. 8 Ibid.

9 Hall,

Chronicle
, p. 507.

10 Hall,

Chronicle
, p. 52

11

Calendar of State Papers, Spanish
, II, p. 44.

12 Grafton,

Chronicle
, p. 238.

13

Calendar of State Papers, Venetian
, ed. Rawdon Brown, et al. (London, 1864–98), II, p. 26.

14 Polydore Vergil,

Anglica Historia
, p. 163.

15 Hall,

Chronicle
, p. 532.

16

Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, Supplement
, pp. 36–41. 17
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 2391 (BL MS Cotton Cleopatra C.v, ff.64). J. Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, (London, 1968), p. 37.

18 Alfred Spont (1897),

Letters and Papers relating to the War with France, 1512–1513
, Navy Records Society, documents 53, 54, 55.

19 BL Harleian MS 3504, f.232.

20 From an eyewitness account.

Calendar of State Papers, Venetian
, II, p. 385. 21
Letters and Papers
, III, nos 2333, 2360.

22 The banking house of Fugger was extremely important in this election because they were prepared to supply Charles with almost unlimited funds, which he used for the purpose of bribing the electors. They were repaid with the grant of silver mines in Silesia. 23 The More was one of Wolsey’s residences, near Rickmansworth. 24 BL Cotton MS Vitellius C.i, f.23. D. Loades,

Mary Tudor: A Life
, (Oxford, 1989), p. 36. 25 MS Vitellius C.i, f.23. She was under the supervision of the Countess of Salisbury as Lady Governess.

N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 0 0 – 1 1 6

241

26 BL Cotton MS C.x, f.185. J. Sturtz and V. Murphy (eds),

The Divorce Tracts of Henry VIII
, (Angers, 1988), p. xiii.

27 George Cavendish,

The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey
, ed. R.S. Sylvester, (London, 1959), p. 83, citing the King’s testimony to the Legatine Court in 1529. 28 Nicholas Pocock,
Records of the Reformation, The Divorce 1527–1533
, (London, 1870), 2

vols, Vol. I, p. 11.

29 Guy Bedouelle and Patrick Le Gal,

Le ‘Divorce’ du Roi Henry VIII
, (Geneva, 1987), pp. 35–41.

30 Bedouelle and Le Gall,

Le ‘Divorce’
, pp. 31–41. 31 Catherine directed a barrage of complaints over these delays to the Emperor, who became seriously irritated in consequence.

32

Letters and Papers
, VI, no. 1296.

33 Ibid

.
, VI, nos 89, 332, 311, 461, 495–6, 525, 529, 661. Cranmer’s decision had been anticipated by Convocation on 5 April.

34 P.L. Hughes and J.F. Larkin,

Tudor Royal Proclamations
, (London, 1964), vol. I, no. 140. 35
Letters and Papers
, VII, no. 1208.

36 Ibid., VI, no. 807 and Appendix 3.

37 Statute 25 Henry VIII, c.22.

Statutes of the Realm
, III, pp. 471–4. 38
Letters and Papers
, XIV, I, no. 62.

39 Hughes and Larkin,

Tudor Royal Proclamations
, I, no.190. 40
Letters and Papers
, XIV, ii, no. 400. Her words were reported by the informer George Constantine.

41 Ibid., no. 286.

42 J. Strype (1822),

Ecclesiatical Memorials
, (London, 1822) vol. I, p. 459. 43 Ibid, II, p. 462. D. Loades,
Henry VIII; Court. Church and Confl ict
, (London, 2007) p. 96. 44 Her last appearance in a court document came when she exchanged new year’s gifts with the Queen on 1 January 1557. BL MS RP 294.

Notes to Chapter 6: The Domestic Queens: Anne Boleyn,

Jane Seymour and Catherine Parr

1 For the Boleyn pedigree, see J.C. Wedgewood and A. Holt

History of Parliament: Biographies
, (London, 1936), pp. 90–1. S.T. Bindoff
Hours of Commons, 1509–1558
, (London, 1982), vol. I, p. 456.

2

Letters and Papers
, III, no. 1762.

3 Hall,

Chronicle
, p. 631.
Letters and Papers
, III, no. 1559. 4
Calendar of State Papers, Venetian
,
1527–33
, p. 824. 5 Eric

Ives,

The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn
, (Oxford, 2004).

6 S.W. Singer (ed.)

The Life of Cardinal Wolsey by George Cavendish
, (London, 1827), pp. 424–5.

7 Ives,

Life and Death
, p. 85.

8 The matrimonial history of Anne of Brittany had been even more compli cated. She married Charles VIII of France in 1491, despite both of them having been betrothed before 242

N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 1 6 – 1 3 1

and in 1498 married his cousin and successor, Louis XII. The Pope dispensed all these impediments without diffi culty.

9 When the King unburdened his conscience to the City Fathers of London in November 1528, ‘… some sighed and said nothing … others that favoured the Queen much sorrowed that this matter was now opened.’ Hall,

Chronicle
, p. 755. 10
Calendar of State Papers, Spanish
, IV, pp. 97, 121. Hall,
Chronicle
, p. 758. 11
Handbook of British Chronology. Letters and Papers
, IV, no. 5996. 12 Ives,
Life and Death
, p.128.

13 R. Scheurer (ed.),

Correspondence du Cardinal Jean du Bellay
, (1969), vol. I, 44 [p. 113]. 14 J.E. Cox (ed.),
Miscellaneous Writings and Letters of Thomas Cranmer
(London, 1846), p. 246.

15

Calendar of State Papers Venetian, 1527–33
, p. 870. 16 ‘The Coronation of Anne Boleyn’ (1533) in A.F. Pollard,
Tudor Tracts
(Westminster, 1903), p. 19.

17 Ibid.

18

Letters and Papers
, VI, no. 568.

19

Cal. Span
. IV, ii, p. 510.

20 Statutes, 25 Henry VIII, c.19; 20, 21; 26 Henry VIII, c.1. 21 D. Loades (ed.),

The Papers of George Wyatt
, (London, 1968), p. 185. 22
Letters and Papers
, VIII, no.1013. Ives,
Life and Death
, p. 191. 23 Ibid., pp. 192–3.

24 Or even the autumn, depending on how premature the foetus of which she miscarried in February 1536 actually was. Rethan Warnicke (

The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn
, (Cambridge, 1989) described it as ‘of three and a half months’. 25 Abuse in common usage. See TNA SP1/88, f. 21, cited in G.R. Elton,
Policy and Police
, (Cambridge, 1972), p. 11.

26 G. Ascoli,

La Grande Bretagne devant l’opinon Francais
, (Paris, 1927), lns 209–13. 27 Henry Clifford,
The Life of Jane Dormer
, (London, 1887), p. 79. 28
Cal. Span
., 1536–8, pp. 84–5.

29 George Wyatt, ‘The Life of Queen Anne Boleigne’ in Singer,

The Life of Cardinal Wolsey
, p. 443.

30 T. Amyot (ed.), ‘A Memorial from George Constantine’, in

Archaelogia
, (1831), 23, pp. 23, 64.

31 Mark Smeaton (a musician) was one of those accused of having ‘had a do’ with Anne Boleyn. Smeaton confessed (falsely) under torture.

32 Singer (ed.),

Wolsey
, pp. 458–9. A letter from Sir Edward Baynton to Sir William FitzWilliam; both were commissioners investigating the charges against Anne and Norris. 33
Wolsey
, ed. Singer, pp. 451, 457.

34 Charles Wriothesley,

A Chronicle of England, 1485–1559
, ed. W.D. Hamilton (Camden Society), (London, 1875), vol. I, 189–91.

35 Strype,

Ecclesiastical Memorials
, I, ii, p. 304. 36 Mary to Cromwell, 24 August 1538,
Letters and Papers
, XIII, no.174. This is a late example, but she had made her position clear the previous autumn.

37 Historical Manuscripts Commission,

Bath Papers
, II, f.8. N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 3 4 – 1 5 2

243

38

Letters and Papers
, XX, i. no. 266.

39 John Foxe,

Acts and Monuments
, (London, 1583), pp. 1242–4. 40
Letters and Papers
, XIX, I, nos. 864, 1035 (78). 41 Statute 35 Henry VIII, c.1.
Statutes of the Realm
, III, pp. 955–8.
Notes to Chapter 7: The Queen as Whore: Catherine Howard
1 Lacey Baldwin Smith,
A Tudor Tragedy
, (London, 1961), p. 9. 2
Letters and Papers
, XVI, no. 1339. TNA, SP1/168, f.155. 3 It was the usual practice for aristocratic children of both sexes to be sent to live in friendly households, or other parts of the family, at about that age. Only later did it become normal to send sons to school.