Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience and Redemption (68 page)

File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

17 Radio Tokyo visit: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Martindale, pp. 129–30; “42nd Bombardment Squadron: Addendum to Squadron History,” September 11, 1945, AFHRA, Maxwel AFB, Ala.

18 Writing radio address: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

19 Lynn Moody: Lynn Moody Hoffman, letter to Louis Zamperini, August 14, 1998.

20 DeMil e interviews Zamperinis: Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004; “Sixth War Bond Drive,” November 19, 1944, interview transcript.

21 Harvey’s wounding: Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004.

22 Moody hears new broadcast: Lynn Moody Hoffman, letter to Louis Zamperini, August 14, 1998.

23 Text of address: From papers of Louis Zamperini.

24 Visit with cal er from San Marino: Handwritten notes from papers of Louis Zamperini.

25 “I was thinking”: Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004.

26 Telegram concerning broadcast: telegram, provost marshal general to Louise Zamperini, undated, from the papers of Louis Zamperini.

27 Uncle hears broadcast: “Louis Zamperini Radio Talk Heard by Uncle,” Des Moines Register, December 12, 1944.

28 Detail about guns: Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004.

29 “Payt! He’s alive!”: Payton Jordan, telephone interview, August 16, 2004.

Chapter 26: Madness

1 Radio Tokyo men return: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

2 Text of new message: From papers of Louis Zamperini.

3 Reason Louie spared from execution: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, notes from 1950 meeting with Kwajalein officer; Louis Zamperini, interview by George Hodak, Hol ywood, Calif., June 1988, AAFLA.

4 Producers encourage Louie: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; “42nd Bombardment Squadron: Addendum to Squadron History,” September 11, 1945, AFHRA, Maxwel AFB, Ala.

5 “Okay”: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

6 November 24, 1944, raid: Martindale, p. 177; Johan Arthur Johansen, email interview, March 26, 2005; Johan Arthur Johansen, Krigsseileren, issue 4, 1990, translated from Norwegian by Nina B. Smith; Tom Wade, telephone interview, January 2, 2005; “Tokyo in Flames After Crippling Superfort Blow,” Ogden Standard Examiner, November 25, 1944; Kerr, Flames, pp. 97–101.

7 “It was a cold”: Johan Arthur Johansen, email interview, March 26, 2005.

8 Hatto sees parachuting man: Yuichi Hatto, written interview, August 28, 2004.

9 Sirens: Norquist, pp. 288, 291.

10 November 27 and 29–30 bombings: Ibid., p. 291.

11 Louie watches air battle: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

12 “Hikoki dame”: Ibid.

13 “You win war”: Bush, p. 207.

14 The Bird beats Martindale: Martindale, pp. 180–81.

15 The Bird leaves, then returns for fire dril : Ibid., pp. 152–53; Wade, pp. 140–41.

16 The Bird herds officers into Tokyo: Martindale, pp. 144–45; Wade, p. 141; Affidavit, Francis Harry Frankcom, from files on Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vol. 1, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

17 The Bird makes men stand at attention: Johan Arthur Johansen, Krigsseileren, issue 4, 1990, translated from Norwegian by Nina B. Smith.

18 “death lunge”: Frank Tinker, telephone interview, February 20, 2005.

19 Louie’s nightmares about the Bird: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

20 Zentsuji: Don Wal , Singapore and Beyond: The Story of the Men of the 2/20 Battalion, Told by the Survivors (Cowra, Australia: James N.

Keady, 1985), pp. 307–09; Affidavit, Major Melvin Mil er, from files of “The Mad Quack” (1st Lt.), POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

21 Phil ipses hear of broadcast: “Lt. Al an Phil ips May Be Prisoner in Tokyo,” undated article from Phil ips scrapbook, NPN.

22 Major from the adjutant general’s office cal s: “Lt. Al en Phil ips Alive as Prisoner of the Japs; Missing Year and a Half,” undated article from Phil ips scrapbook, NPN.

23 Cecy races home: Terry Hoffman, telephone interview, March 6, 2007.

24 “Words real y cannot”: Reverend Russel Phil ips, letter to Martha Heustis, January 5, 1945.

25 Phil ipses asked to keep news secret: Kelsey Phil ips, letter to Louise Zamperini, December 15, 1944.

26 Kelsey sad for other mothers: Ibid.

27 “Even though we”: Sadie Glassman, letter to Zamperinis, November 18, 1944.

28 “It is difficult”: Kelsey Phil ips, letter to Louise Zamperini, December 15, 1944.

29 Red Cross packages delivered: Norquist, pp. 282, 290.

30 Official admits to giving packages to Japanese: Martindale, p. 134.

31 “We could see them throwing away”: Wade, p. 138.

32 The Bird steals forty-eight packages: Wade, p. 138; Affidavits, Francis Harry Frankcom and Fort Hammond Cal ahan, from files on Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vol. 1, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

33 Apples and oranges distributed, taken back: Martindale, p. 187.

34 Louie gets Red Cross package: Louis Zamperini, POW diary.

35 Mansfield: Martindale, pp. 122–23; Norquist, pp. 287–88; Wade, pp. 137–38; Robert Martindale, telephone interview, January 2, 2005.

36 Cinderella: Martindale, pp. 189–92; Wade, pp. 143–44; Johan Arthur Johansen, Krigsseileren, issue 4, 1990, translated from Norwegian by Nina B. Smith; Clarke, pp. 151–54.

37 Christmas at Zentsuji: Wal , p. 308.

38 Tokugawa comes to Omori: Bush, pp. 183, 198–99; Yuichi Hatto, written interview, August 28, 2004; Report of Lieutenant Lewis Bush, from files on Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vol. 1, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

39 The Bird promoted: Yuichi Hatto, written interview, August 28, 2004; James, p. 280.

40 Men put feces on Bird’s rice cakes: Martindale, pp. 191–92.

41 Louie learns Bird leaving: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

Chapter 27: Falling Down

1 Life in camp improves: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Martindale, pp. 194–95; Affidavit, Francis Harry Frankcom, from files on Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vol. 1, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

2 Mail found in the Bird’s office: Affidavit, Francis Harry Frankcom, from files on Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vol. 1, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945

–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

3 “Trust you’re al ”: Louis Zamperini, letter to family, January 6, 1945.

4 “Tel Pete”: Louis Zamperini, letter to family, January or February 1945.

5 Ofuna arrivals: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; John A. Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.

6 Condition of Harris: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

7 Harris’s beatings: John A. Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.

8 Doctor thinks Harris dying, Louie gives him Red Cross box: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, POW diary, January 15, 1945, entry.

9 Palawan massacre: Hampton Sides, Ghost Soldiers: The Epic Account of World War II’s Greatest Rescue Mission (New York: Anchor Books, 2002), pp. 7–17; Kerr, Surrender, pp. 212–15; V. Dennis Wrynn, “American Prisoners of War: Massacre at Palawan,” World War II, November 1997.

10 February 16–17 air raid: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; John A. Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.; Martindale, p. 198; Johan Arthur Johansen, Krigsseileren, issue 4, 1990, translated from Norwegian by Nina B.

Smith; Frank Tremaine, “Tokyo in Flames After Record Bombing Attack,” Brainerd (Minn.) Daily Dispatch, February 16, 1945; “Navy Planes Rip Tokyo,” Nebraska State Journal (Lincoln), February 16, 1945; “Devastating War to Tokyo,” Nebraska State Journal (Lincoln), February 16, 1945.

11 American Hel cat pursues Japanese fighter: John A. Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

12 February 24 air raid: “1,600 Planes Bomb Jap Capital as Al -Out Drive Launched on Iwo,” Sunday Times-Signal (Zanesvil e, Ohio), February 25, 1945; Kerr, Flames, pp. 138–44.

13 Transfer of POWs: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; John A. Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.

14 Journey through Tokyo: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

15 Shadow factories: Martindale, p. 214; Kerr, Flames, p. 153.

16 Arrival at Naoetsu: John A. Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.; Wade, pp.

146–47.

17 “It was as if a giant frosted cake”: Wade, p. 144.

18 Louie col apses: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

Chapter 28: Enslaved

1 Bird beaming: Frank Tinker, telephone interview, February 20, 2005.

2 Description of Naoetsu: Wade, pp. 148–49, 152–53; Frank Tinker, telephone interview, February 20, 2005; Alan B. Lyon, Japanese War Crimes: Trials of the Naoetsu Camp Guards (Loftus, Australia: Australian Military History Publications, 2000), pp. 25–34; John Cook, “Japan: C Force,”

unpublished memoir; “List of Death Naoetu [sic] POW Camp, 1942–44,” Taheiyo ni Kaleru Hashi: Horyo Shuyojono Higeikei wo Keoete (Japan-Australia Society, 1996), translated from Japanese.

3 Zamperini Invitational: “United Nations Olympics Talked—New Golden Era in Track Seen When Peace Comes,” Abilene (Tex.) Reporter-News, March 5, 1945.

4 Glickman crying: CBS Television, “48 Hours: Race to Freedom,” 1998.

5 Louie sick: “42nd Bombardment Squadron: Addendum to Squadron History,” September 11, 1945, AFHRA, Maxwel AFB, Ala.; Louis Zamperini, 1946 notes on captive experience.

6 Food, guards smoking: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, 1946 notes on captive experience; Wade, p. 151; Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 21, 2005.

7 “a roaring Hitlerian animal”: Wade, p. 159.

8 Officers picked by the Bird: Tom Wade, telephone interview, January 2, 2005.

9 “just for dril ”: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 21, 2005.

10 Slave labor: Wade, pp. 151–52; John Cook, “Japan: C Force,” unpublished memoir; Tom Wade, telephone interview, January 2, 2005.

11 Men fal ing into snow crevasses: Wal , p. 303.

12 Melting snow, pig’s appearance: Wade, pp. 156, 149.

13 Potato-field work: John A. Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Wade, p. 157; Affidavit, Louis Zamperini, from files on Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vols. 1–3, 1945–1952, POW 201

File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

14 B-29 seen: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Wade, p. 157; Wal , p. 298.

15 Roosevelt’s death: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Wal , p. 298.

16 Barge duty: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; John A. Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.; Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 21, 2005; Louis Zamperini, 1946 notes on captive experience; John Cook,

“Japan: C Force,” unpublished memoir; Wade, pp. 160–63.

17 Bathing options: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 21, 2005; John Cook, “Japan: C Force,” unpublished memoir.

18 Wade shaves head: Wade, p. 161.

19 Man injured on barge: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

20 Salt stealing: John Cook, “Japan: C Force,” unpublished memoir.

21 Rice stealing: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

22 Marvin teaching Bad Eye: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 21, 2005.

23 Leg injured: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, POW diary.

24 Louie’s fever spikes: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

25 Louie tailors clothes: Ibid.

26 Pig duty: Ibid.; Wade, p. 149; Louis Zamperini, 1946 notes on captive experience.

Chapter 29: Two Hundred and Twenty Punches

1 May 5, 1945, B-29 raid: Wal , p. 299; John Cook, email interview, October 30, 2004.

2 Four hundred POWs arrive: John A. Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.

3 “You must be sober!”: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 21, 2005.

4 The Bird at Mitsushima: Weinstein, pp. 287–94; Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vols. 1–3, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

5 Murder plots at Mitsushima: Weinstein, pp. 287–94.

6 “whimpering,” “almost hysterical y”: Ibid.

7 Beating after theft of fish: Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vol. 1, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Frank Tinker, telephone interview, February 20, 2005; Wade, pp. 163–64; Louis Zamperini, 1946 notes on captive experience, 1946; Robert Trumbul , “Zamperini, Olympic Miler, Is Safe After Epic Ordeal,” NYT, September 9, 1945.

8 Some 220 punches: Wade, p. 163.

9 “the Lone Ranger”: Wal , p. 300.

10 “al lit up”: Ibid.

11 Man dies after work: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

12 The Bird breaks man’s jaw: Affidavit, Arthur Klein, from files on Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vol. 1, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

13 POWs ask for meat, dog kil ed: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.