Undocumented : How Immigration Became Illegal (9780807001684) (37 page)

Mexican Migration Project, 49

Mexican National Institute of Migration (INAMI), 79, 82

Mexico: children deported to, 154–56; company towns in, 54–55; dangers of migration through, 77–82; indigenous people, 7, 48, 63, 123, 188; limits on migration from, 60–61; northern border, 82–83; railroads and migration in, 50–52; southern border control, 78–79

Michigan, 179

middle-class American lifestyle, 144–45, 146, 148–51

Migrant Farmworker Justice Project, 118

migrants to US, risks faced by, 3–6, 8, 79–82, 158

migrant workers: culture of migration, 56; ineligibility for DACA, 175; as returning to home country, 49–50; seasonal patterns of migration, 11–12, 42, 118, 120–22, 184–85.
See also
undocumented immigrants

migration patterns: European/American domination over, 26–29, 33; of Guatemalan Mayans, 64–67; IRCA disruption of Mexican, 62–63, 123–24; from Philippines, 164–65; poverty and crossing through Mexico, 78; and railroads in Mexico, 50–53; as seasonal and circular, 11–12, 56, 60–61, 184–85; of undocumented immigrants, 20.
See also
labor recruitment and contracting

military service, 168, 174

minimum wage, 125, 132

Mitchell, Don, 120, 121–22

mobility restrictions, 24–30

Molina, Sandra, 160

Morton, John, 159, 173, 203

Motomura, Hiroshi, 33–34

Muslims in Spain, 29–30

NAACP, 13, 115–16

nannies, 144–47

national security, 95, 101–2, 158, 203

Native Americans, 27–28, 30, 31, 34, 181

Navarrette, Ruben, 207

Nebraska, 134–35

neoliberal policies, 186–87

Nevada, 131

Nevins, Joseph, 194

New Imperialism, 27

New Orleans, 132

newspaper delivery system, 146–48

Ngai, Mae, 45

Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central America Relief Act (NACARA; 1997), 89

9500 Liberty
(film), 150

No More Deaths (organization), 3

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 63

Obama, Barack: on comprehensive immigration reform, 200–204; DACA program, 90, 153, 174–79; on DREAM Act, 172–74; E-Verify system expansion, 140, 202–3; removal and deportation under, 100, 107, 158–61, 177; on undocumented children, 162; on workplace raids, 117

Operation Hold the Line, 82–83

Operation Streamline, 6–8, 104–6

Operation Wetback, 58

Orantes-Hernandez v. Meese
, 189

organized crime, 80–81, 204–5

out-migration, 42

outsourcing, 13, 130, 142

Pacheco, Gaby, 170–71, 172

Palauan immigrants, 139

parental rights, 153–54, 159–62

parents.
See
families

Passel, Jeffrey, 191

passports, 40–41, 43, 44, 73, 95, 159, 165

paths to citizenship, 43, 168, 174, 177, 200–201, 205

Patrick, Deval, 98

payroll fraud, 131

Pearce, Russell, 110–11

Perez-Funes v. District Director
, 189

Perry, Rick, 167, 194–95

Philippines, 163–65

Plan Sur, 78

plea bargains, 105, 138

Plyer v. Doe
(1982), 163

political consulting firms, 198–203

politicians: attracting Latino votes, 173–74; campaign donations to, 111; as employers of undocumented workers, 144; immigration as rallying point for, 101–2, 192–93, 199–203; lobbying by prison system, 108–11

Postville (IA) raid, 69, 136–40

Praeli, Lorella, 177

Pratt, Travis, 108

Pren, Karen, 48

prices of consumer goods, 51, 101, 125

prison system, 15–18, 38, 104, 108–12, 158

probationers as agricultural labor, 127

Proposition 187 (CA), 192–93

prosecutorial discretion, 103, 159, 173, 203–4

protests for immigrant rights, 171, 196–98

Proyecto Kino, 4–5

public benefits eligibility, 91–93, 163, 167, 178–79

public defenders, 103, 105, 106, 138–39

public housing, 92

Puerto Rican birth certificates, 93–94

quota system (visas), 12, 33, 44, 46, 60, 184

race and racism: in anti-immigrant movement, 198–99, 206–7; and citizenship, 32–37; in criminalization of immigration violations, 105; employer sanctions and racial profiling, 115–16; in ideologies justifying colonialism, 26–29; and immigration laws, 2, 10, 15–18; linkage to religion, 29–32; against Mexicans, 182–83; racial profiling in workplace raids, 135–36; and welfare reform, 193

raids, 116–17, 134–40, 150

railroads and migration patterns, 50–52, 79–80

REAL ID Act (2005), 95–96

reentry after removal, 45–46, 104, 106–7, 160, 203

refugees, 136, 155–56, 189

registry for noncitizens, 43, 45

Reid, Harry, 172, 173, 176

religion, 26, 29–32

remittances, 56, 67

removal from the US: under Operation Streamline, 104–5; reentry after removal, 45–46, 104, 106–7, 160, 203; voluntary departure and removal, 99–100, 104.
See also
deportation

Republican Party, 97, 172–73, 188, 193–95, 198

Reyes, Silvestre, 83

rights: as conferred through citizenship, 32–34, 36, 115–16; of deported parents, 161–62; under immigration court system, 102–3, 138; protests for immigrant rights, 171, 196–98; race and, 30; of undocumented children, 153; voting rights, 16, 34, 35; work as obligation vs. privilege, 37–39.
See also
immigrant rights

Rodino, Peter, 115

Rogers, Chip, 97

Romney, Mitt, 144, 178, 198

Rubashkin family, 136–37

Rubio, Marco, 173–74

Ruskola, Teemu, 28

Russian immigrants, 44–45

Salvadoran immigrants, 48, 89–90, 143, 189

sanctions against employers, 12–13, 62, 115–16, 132, 189–91

sanctuary cities, 195

sanctuary movement, 189

S.B. 1070 (Arizona), 110–12

Secure Communities program, 97–98, 107, 202–3

Security Act (1950), 59

segregation of Mexican workers, 54–55, 183

Sen, Rinku, 198–99, 206

September 11, 2001, attacks, 95, 193, 199

service-sector jobs, 119–20

Sheridan, Lynnaire, 73–74

slavery, 9, 30, 31, 32, 183.
See also
Jim Crow system

small business, 140, 141, 142–43, 150

Snodgrass, Michael, 56

Social Security, 69, 93–94, 101, 136, 138–39, 163, 178

social service eligibility, 91–93, 163, 167, 178–79

Somers, Aryah, 140

South American immigrants, 77

Spain, 29–31, 64

Spanish-language media, 197

Sparks, Sam, 104

Special Agricultural Worker (SAW) status, 61, 64, 123, 190

Stansbury, Jeff, 191

states, immigration policies of, 42, 95–96, 141, 167–68, 179

Steinbeck, John, 124

Stevens, Jacqueline, 36, 187

Student Immigration Movement, 41.
See also
DREAM Act; undocumented youth

Students for Immigrant Rights, 171

student visas, 72

Suárez-Orozco, Carola, 166–67

Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo, 166–67

subsistence agriculture, 186–87

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), 92

Suro, Robert, 62

Swift plant raids, 117, 135

“Take Our Jobs” campaign, 124–25

Tamayo, Bill, 191

taxes paid by undocumented immigrants, 91, 94

Taylor, Paul S., 52

Tea Party Movement, 198

temporary immigration statuses, 72–73, 74, 89–90, 96, 153, 196

Temporary Protected Status, 89–90, 96, 153

Texas, 82–83, 96–97, 131–33, 194

Todorova, Irina, 166–67

Torpey, John, 33

tourist visas, 71–72

traffic violations, 97, 107, 204

“transition to illegality,” 165–66

Truman administration, 120–21

tuition, in-state, 41, 167–68, 179, 194

287(g) program, 97–98

undocumented immigrants: anxiety felt by, 68, 90; confusion about immigration law, 68–69, 103, 112, 138–39; criminalization of, 15–18, 82, 98–100, 169; debts to labor recruiters, 75–76; documenting an undocumented life, 178; as exploitable labor, 39, 116, 131–32, 148–49; fiscal impact of, 92–93; inability to return to home countries, 89, 185, 195, 205; length of stay in US, 88; means of becoming “illegal,” 20–21; post-1965 increase of, 47–48, 184–85; upward mobility of, 126, 127; “wetbacks,” 47, 57–58.
See also
deportation; fraudulent documents; illegality

undocumented youth: advocacy of, 41, 168–73, 177; challenge to anti-immigrant culture, 206–7; under DACA, 174–79; in-state tuition advocacy, 167–68.
See also
children

unions.
See
labor unions

United Farm Workers, 12–13, 124–25, 188

United We Dream, 170–71, 172, 177

unlawful presence, 99–100, 107

upward mobility, 9, 127, 145

urban-to-rural shifts in industry, 118–19, 130, 134, 135

USA-PATRIOT Act (2001), 185, 193

US Citizen and Immigration Services (USCIS), 175

US economy: African Americans as excluded from, 16; effects of undocumented workers on, 149–50; inequality in, 14, 38–39, 55, 145, 208; reliance on undocumented workers, 11, 19–20, 119–20, 125–26, 135

US-Mexico border: deaths at, 3, 79, 83–85; deportation testimonies taken at, 3–6; fluidity of, 19–20, 49–50, 56; violence at, 204–5.
See also
border enforcement policies

“US nationals” immigration category, 164

Utah “driver privilege cards,” 96

Vargas, Jose Antonio, 87–88, 163–65, 170, 171–72, 174

Villaraigosa, Antonio, 97

visas: and Americans’ freedom to travel, 40–41; fraudulent documents, 74; overstaying of, 71–73.
See also
fraudulent documents; quota system

Visa Waiver Program, 72

voluntary departure and removal, 99–100, 104.
See also
deportation

voting rights, 16, 34, 35

Wacquant, Loïc, 38

wages: agricultural system need for low wages, 121–22, 125–26; effects of undocumented immigrants upon, 149–50; of independent contractors, 147; “Mexican wages,” 54–55, 57, 183; minimum wage, 125, 132

Walker, Richard, 122

welfare reform, 167–193

Westen Strategies (consulting firm), 199, 207

Western Hemisphere immigration limits, 35–36, 44, 46, 122

“wetbacks,” 47, 57–58

Wilkinson, Daniel, 66

Williams, Rob, 118

William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection and Reauthorization Act (2008), 156

Wilson, Pete, 192, 193

Wilson, Woodrow, 28

Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program, 92

Woodrow, Karen, 191

Wooten, Larry, 13

work authorization: under DACA, 174; H-2 visas, 60, 73–75; and pending asylum cases, 96; recruitment of workers with, 136, 139; vs. legal entry to US, 72; under waiver of employer sanctions, 132.
See also
legal permanent residents

working conditions: in agriculture, 121, 125, 128; construction industry, 119, 131–32; immigrants’ inability to protest, 116, 119, 191; meatpacking industry, 118–19, 134, 136, 137; nannies, newspaper delivery and landscaping, 142, 146, 147–48

workplace raids, 116–17, 134–40, 150

work records, 178

youth activism.
See
undocumented youth

Zetas cartel, 81–82

Zolberg, Aristide, 54, 56