Uneven Ground (50 page)

43
.
Whitesburg (KY) Mountain Eagle
, February 15, 1968.

44
.
To Save the Land and People
, dir. Anne Lewis (Whitesburg, KY: Appalshop Inc., 1999).

45
. Schrag, “Appalachia,” 16.

46
. See Bill Peterson, “Political Battle Brewing on Anti-Poverty Program,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 20, 1969, and “Poverty: Feud in the Hills,”
Time
, September 12, 1969, 21.

47
. K. W. Lee, “Catalyst of the Black Lung Movement,” in Walls and Stephenson,
Appalachia in the Sixties
, 201–9.

48
. Carawan and Carawan,
Voices from the Mountains
, 172–80.

49
. Richard P. Mulcahy,
A Social Contract for the Coal Fields: The Rise and Fall of the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2000), 147–48; Caudill,
Watches of the Night
, 53–55.

50
. Caudill,
Watches of the Night
, 147–72.

51
. George Vecsey, “Ideal of Unity Stirs Appalachian Poor,”
New York Times
, April 23, 1972.

52
. For the history of the MFD movement, see George W. Hopkins, “The Miners for Democracy: Insurgency in the United Mine Workers of America, 1970–1972” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 1976); Seltzer,
Fire in
the Hole
; and Paul J. Nyden, “Miners for Democracy: Struggle in the Coal Fields” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1974).

53
. The best history of the struggle against surface mining in Appalachia is Montrie,
To Save the Land
.

54
. Montrie,
To Save the Land
, 102.

55
. Ibid., 104–5, 149.

56
. See Thomas N. Bethell and Davitt McAteer,
The Pittston Mentality: Manslaughter on Buffalo Creek
(Huntington, WV: Appalachian Movement Press, 1972), and Kai T. Erikson,
Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976).

57
.
Mountain Life and Work
, June–July 1972, 20–22; Montrie,
To Save the Land
, 149–51.

58
. Ben A. Franklin, “President Signs Strip Mining Bill, but Cites Defects,”
New York Times
, August 4, 1972.

59
.
Mountain Life and Work
, November 1971, 22–30, June–July 1972, 20–21.

60
.
Mountain Life and Work
, March 1972, 10.

61
.
Mountain Life and Work
, January 1970, 8.

62
. Bryan Woolley, “Challenge for a Mountain Man,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 27, 1970.

63
.
Mountain Life and Work
, June–July 1972, 22.

64
.
Mountain Life and Work
, November 1972, 27.

65
.
Mountain Life and Work
, October 1977, 40, September 1977, 46, August 1977, 46.

66
. Appalachian Land Ownership Task Force,
Who Owns Appalachia? Landownership and Its Impact
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983). See also Steve Fisher, ed.,
A Landless People in a Rural Region: A Reader on Land Ownership and Property Taxation in Appalachia
(New Market, TN: Highlander Research and Education Center, 1979).

67
. See Jim White, Ronald D Eller, and Debbie Auer,
Coal Severance Taxation: A Comparison of State Strategies for Collection and Distribution
(Lexington: University of Kentucky Appalachian Center, 1992).

68
. Branscome,
Federal Government in Appalachia
, 37–39.

69
. Virginia Wilson,
Economic Analysis of a Proposed Property Tax on Unmined Minerals in Kentucky
, Appalachian Center Occasional Paper Series no. 1 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Appalachian Center, 1983); Judy Jones, “Kentucky Lax on Coal Tax,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, October 27, 1998.

70
. See Melanie Zuercher, ed.,
Making History: The First Ten Years of the KFTC
(Prestonsburg, KY: Kentuckians for the Commonwealth, 1991).

71
.
People's Appalachia
1, no. 6 (1971): 3.

72
. See Logan Brown et al., “ASA History,”
Appalachian Journal
31, no. 1 (2003).

73
. Branscome quoted in Vecsey, “Ideal of Unity.”

74
. Michael Smathers, “Notes of a Native Son,”
Vantage Point
2 (1973): 6–7.

1
. Robert M. Collins,
More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 21, 38–39.

2
. Walter Lippmann,
Washington Post
, March 19, 1964, quoted in Collins,
More
, 60.

3
. Ralph R. Widner, “The Political Implementation of Regional Theory: The Appalachian Experience” (paper presented to the Southern Economic Association, November 13, 1970), 3, Research Reports, Administrative Research Library, Appalachian Regional Commission, Washington, DC (hereafter cited as ARL). See also John Friedman, “Regional Planning as a Field of Study,”
Journal of the American Institute of Planners
29 (August 1963), and John Friedman, “Regional Planning in Post-Industrial Society,”
Journal of the American Institute of Planners
30 (May 1964).

4
. John L. Preston, “An Analysis of the Growth Center Strategy of the Appalachian Regional Commission” (Appalachian Regional Commission Division of Regional Program Planning and Evaluation Study Paper no. 13, March 1971), 7–8, Research Reports, ARL. See also Niles M. Hansen,
Intermediate-Size Cities as Growth Centers: Applications for Kentucky, the Piedmont Crescent, the Ozarks, and Texas
(New York: Praeger, 1971), 14–17, 26–28.

5
. Widner, “Political Implementation,” 3.

6
. Quoted in Albert Solnit, “Deliberate Depopulation of Whole Areas: A Protest,”
Whitesburg (KY) Mountain Eagle
, August 4, 1966.

7
. Quoted in ibid.

8
. “The Urban-Rural Growth Strategy in Appalachia” (commission staff summary report, September 1970), 13, Research Reports, ARL.

9
. Widner, “Political Implementation,” 5–6.

10
. “Urban-Rural Growth Strategy,” 14.

11
. Ralph R. Widner, “Planning in Appalachia” (address to the Appalachian Water Development Coordinating Committee, June 15, 1967), 3, Research Reports, ARL.

12
. John Fischer, “The Easy Chair: Can Ralph R. Widner Save New York, Chicago, and Detroit?”
Harper's
, October 1968.

13
. “Urban-Rural Growth Strategy,” 16, 17.

14
. Ibid., 18.

15
. Ralph R. Widner, “Science, Technology and Regional Development” (paper presented to the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, May 12, 1967, and the University of Tennessee Space Sciences Seminar, Knoxville, TN, May 19, 1967), 8, Research Reports, ARL; Ralph R. Widner, “A Challenge for Action: Research and Planning for Regional Development” (paper presented to the Regional Conference on Research Related to Poverty and Development in Appalachia, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA, July 17, 1968), 7, Research Reports, ARL.

16
. Ralph R. Widner, “The Application of Systems Planning to Regional Development: The Appalachian Experience” (lecture at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 23, 1969), 5, Research Reports, ARL.

17
. Ralph R. Widner, “The Application of Systems Planning to Economic and Social Problems” (remarks to the Systems and Cybernetics Group, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Washington DC, February 19, 1969), 4, Research Reports, ARL.

18
. Ralph R. Widner, “Appalachia: America's Oldest or Newest Frontier” (convocation address at Union College, Barbourville, KY, October 1, 1970), 10, Appalachian Regional Commission Oral History Project conducted by Duke University, Research Reports, ARL.

19
. Appalachian Regional Commission,
1971 Annual Report of the Appalachian Regional Commission
(Washington, DC: ARC, 1971), 25.

20
. Bradshaw,
Appalachian Regional Commission
, 49.

21
. Calvin G. Grayson, “Remarks to the Kentucky Appalachian Task Force” (Hazard, KY, March 29, 1994), in the author's possession. See also Alice J. Kinder,
William C. Hambley: The Mayor Who Moved a Mountain
(Berea, KY: Appalachian Imprints, 1988).

22
. Appalachian Regional Commission,
Twenty Years of Progress
, 50; Bradshaw,
Appalachian Regional Commission
, 50–57.

23
. Alvin Arnett, interview, July 5, 1983, audiovisual tape, ARC Archives; Donald Whitehead, interview, July 12, 1983, audiovisual tape, ARC Archives; John Whisman, interview, July 21, 1982, audiovisual tape, ARC Archives.

24
. Charles Babcock, “Records Withheld in States' Probe of ARC Official: Irregularities Questioned,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 17, 1975.

25
. Bradshaw,
Appalachian Regional Commission
, 58.

26
. Arnett, interview.

27
. Caudill, “Misdeal in Appalachia,” 43–47.

28
. Harriette Arnow, “The Gray Woman of Appalachia,”
Nation
, December 28, 1970, 684–87.

29
. Ben A. Franklin, “Appalachia Revisited: After Ten Years of Hope, Its Poor Still Waiting for That New Day Coming,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 8, 1970.

30
. Bill Peterson, “The Appalachian Commission: Boon or Boondoggle?”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 8–11, 1973.

31
. Phil Primack, “Depopulation Plan Advanced by ARC Director,”
Whitesburg (KY) Mountain Eagle
, June 29, 1972. See also Phil Primack, “ARC: In Case You Were Wondering about ARC but Didn't Know Where to Look,”
Mountain Life and Work
, March 1973, 6–8.

32
. Howard Bray, “Appalachia: The View from Washington,”
Progressive
, February 1975, 31–34.

33
. ARC Accountability Project,
The Appalachian Regional Commission: Boon or Boondoggle—A Citizens' Handbook on the ARC
(Morgan-town, WV: ARC Accountability Project, 1974), 68.

34
. Ibid., 70.

35
. Collins,
More
, 108; Bradshaw,
Appalachian Regional Commission
, 93.

36
. See Appalachian Regional Commission,
Appalachia: A Reference Book
(Washington, DC: ARC, 1977).

37
. Appalachian Alliance,
Appalachia 1978: A Protest from the Colony
(1978), in the author's possession.

38
. John D. Rockefeller IV, interview, “What's Holding Up the Switch to Coal?”
U.S. News and World Report
, September 4, 1979, 26–27.

39
. Quoted in Collins,
More
, 149.

40
. Martha Cole, “ARC Approves $4 Million in Hospital Aid,”
Lexington Herald
, May 17, 1978; Appalachian Regional Commission,
Twenty Years of Progress
, 50;
Lexington Leader
, August 9, 1978; “Task Force Investigates Landownership,”
Mountain Life and Work
, September 1979, 22–23; Albert Smith, interview, May 1982, audiovisual tape, ARC Archives.

41
. Cole, “ARC Approves.”

42
.
Lexington Leader
, August 9, 1978.

43
. See “Women Coal Miners,” special issue,
Mountain Life and Work
, July–August 1979.

44
. John Egerton, “Appalachia's Absentee Landlords,”
Progressive
, June 1981, 42–45. See also Appalachian Landownership Task Force,
Who Owns Appalachia
.

45
. Egerton, “Appalachia's Absentee Landlords,” 44; Gaventa quoted in ibid.

46
. Tack Cornelius, “A Kentucky Success Story,”
Appalachia: Journal of the Appalachian Regional Commission
, January–June 1983.

47
. “Appalachia: The Economic Outlook through the Eighties,”
Appalachia: Journal of the Appalachian Regional Commission
, November–December 1983, 4.

48
. Doris Deakin, “Appalachia—on Our Way,”
Appalachia: Journal of the Appalachian Regional Commission
, March–April 1979, 1, 8.

49
. Appalachian Regional Commission,
Twenty Years of Progress
, 76.

50
. “Economic Outlook,” 3.

51
. Deakin, “Appalachia,” 12.

52
. Quoted in Collins,
More
, 196.

53
. Appalachian Regional Commission,
Twenty Years of Progress
, 29–30; Bradshaw,
Appalachian Regional Commission
, 105.

54
. Appalachian Regional Commission,
Twenty Years of Progress
, 55–56.

55
. Appalachian Governors,
A Report to Congress Concerning the Appalachian Regional Commission
(Washington, DC: ARC, 1981), 45.

56
. Appalachian Regional Commission,
Twenty Years of Progress
, 68.

57
. Ben A. Franklin, “Despite Twenty Years of Federal Aid, Poverty Still Reigns in Appalachia,”
New York Times
, August 11, 1985.

58
. Lee Mueller, “Can Eastern Kentucky Survive the Budget Cuts?”
Lexington Herald
, May 31, 1981.