Uneven Ground (51 page)

59
. Richard A. Couto,
An American Challenge: A Report on Economic Trends and Social Issues in Appalachia
(Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt, 1994), 83, 105.

60
. Ibid., 137, 145.

61
. Ibid., 46.

62
. Rick Steelhammer, “How Bad Is It? West Virginians Stand at an Economic Crossroads,”
Charleston (WV) Gazette
, December 1989.

63
. Claire Ansberry and Rick Wartzman, “State of Despair: West Virginia Mired in Poverty, Corruption, Battles a Deep Gloom,”
Wall Street Journal
, September 21, 1989. See also Kate Long, “Almost Broke, West Virginia,”
Southern Exposure
, Fall 1988, 56–59.

64
. Fred Brown, “Appalachia: Land of Pain and Poverty,”
Knoxville (TN) News-Sentinel
, January 5–11, 1985.

65
. Francis J. Rivers, “People and Jobs in the Southwest Virginia Coalfields” (unpublished report prepared for the Commission on Religion in Appalachia and Community College Ministries, March 1989), in the author's possession.

66
. This and the following data are from Ronald D Eller et al.,
Kentucky's Distressed Communities: A Report on Poverty in Appalachian Kentucky
(Lexington: University of Kentucky Appalachian Center, 1994).

67
. James E. Casto, “Clinton Visits Appalachia,”
Appalachia: Journal of the Appalachian Regional Commission
, May–August 1999, 4.

68
. Eller et al.,
Kentucky's Distressed Communities
.

69
. Casto, “Clinton Visits Appalachia,” 4.

70
. Bill Estep, “More Jobs and Hope,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, July 6, 1999.

71
. Don Edwards, “Looking Forward Instead of Backward,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, July 6, 1999.

1
. Jack Hurst, “Business, Industry, and Technology,” in
Encyclopedia of Appalachia
, ed. Rudy Abramson and Jean Haskell (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 441.

2
. John Hoke, “Coalfields in Decline,”
Richmond (VA) Times-Dispatch
, February 28, 1996; “Coal Mining Only Top Industry Now Showing Job Loss,”
Whitesburg (KY) Mountain Eagle
, July 1, 1996; Hurst, “Business, Industry,” 441.

3
. William Keesler, “Is Coal All There Is?”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, November 12, 1989; Hoke, “Coalfields in Decline.”

4
. See Shannon Jones, “In the Background of the Sago Mine Disaster,” pt. 2, World Socialist Web Site, January 26, 2006,
http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/jan2006/mine-j26.shtml
, and Richard A. Brisbin Jr.,
A Strike like No Other Strike: Law and Resistance during the Pittston Coal Strike of 1989–1990
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).

5
. Erik Reece,
Lost Mountain: A Year in the Vanishing Wilderness; Radical Strip Mining and the Devastation of Appalachia
(New York: River-head, 2006), 63.

6
. Jason Bailey and Liz Natter,
Kentucky's Low Road to Economic Development: What Corporate Subsidies Are Doing to the Commonwealth
(Lexington, KY: Democracy Resource Center, 2000), 25.

7
. Reece,
Lost Mountain
, 58.

8
. J. Bradford Jensen,
Birth and Death of Manufacturing Plants and Restructuring in Appalachia's Industrial Economy, 1963–1992: Evidence from the Longitudinal Research Database
(Washington, DC: ARC, 1998), 4.

9
. Angie Newsome, “Region Struggles with Layoffs as Money for Incentive Programs Goes Elsewhere,”
Asheville (NC) Citizen-Times
, November 27, 2005.

10
. Bill Bishop, “Tax Incentives Do a Triple Flop,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, April 18, 1999.

11
. Bill Estep and John Stamper, “Bad Breaks: Places like Harlan County Can't Hold Jobs or Plants for Long,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, November 13, 2005.

12
. Lance Williams, “State Sues Harlan Factory for Failure to Provide Jobs,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, March 3, 2000.

13
. Estep and Stamper, “Bad Breaks”; Bill Estep and John Stamper, “A Lot of Job Sites, Not So Many Jobs,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, November 20, 2005. See also Jason Bailey and Justin Maxson,
Accounting for Impact: Economic Development Spending in Kentucky
(Berea, KY: Mountain Association for Community Economic Development, 2006).

14
. A cluster of communities around Clay County in West Virginia received an “enterprise community” award of $3 million.

15
. J. Norman Reid, “Empowering the Way Out of Poverty: Why It Matters, How It Works” (paper delivered at the National Association of Resource Conservation and Development Councils Forum against Poverty, Tunica, MS, April 23, 2002). Reid was the acting deputy administrator of the USDA's Office of Community Development.

16
. Kentucky Highlands Investment Corporation,
Kentucky Highlands Empowerment Zone 10 Year Report: A Common Belief That Progress Is Possible
(London, KY: KHIC, 2004), 1–34.

17
. Ty Tagami, “Critics Assail Chicken Plant's Tax Incentives,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, April 29, 1999.

18
. “Economic Incentives: Annville's Losses Revive Hard Questions,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, February 21, 2006.

19
. See Eve S. Weinbaum,
To Move a Mountain: The Global Economy in Appalachia
(New York: Norton, 2004).

20
. Kelvin M. Pollard,
Appalachia at the Millennium: An Overview of Results from Census 2000
(Washington, DC: ARC, 2003), 17–18; Lawrence E. Wood,
Trends in National and Regional Economic Distress, 1960–2000
(Washington, DC: ARC, 2005), 16.

21
. Pollard,
Appalachia at the Millennium
, 20.

22
. Deborah Thorne, Ann Tickameyer, and Mark Thorne, “Poverty and Income in Appalachia,”
Journal of Appalachian Studies
10 (2004): 345.

23
. Jared Bernstein, Elizabeth McNichol, and Karen Lyons,
Pulling Apart: A State-by-State Analysis of Income Trends
(Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2006), 20.

24
. Thorne, Tickameyer, and Thorne, “Poverty and Income,” 351.

25
. See Leslie A. Whitener, Robert Gibbs, and Lorin Kusmin, “Rural Welfare Reform: Lessons Learned,”
Amber Waves
, June 2003; Evelyn Nieves, “Job Market in W. Va. Defies Efforts to Reform Welfare,”
Washington Post
, July 24, 2005; John Cheves, “Welfare Reform Swells SSI Lists,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, August 22, 2002; and Tammy Werner and Joanna Badagliacco, “Appalachian Households and Families in the New Millennium,”
Journal of Appalachian Studies
10 (2004): 387.

26
. Evelyn Nieves, “Anger at Being Part of the Poverty Tour,”
New York Times
, September 26, 2000.

27
. Thomas C. Shaw, Allan J. DeYoung, and Eric Rademacher, “Educational Attainment in Appalachia: Growing with the Nation but Challenges Remain,”
Journal of Appalachian Studies
10 (2004).

28
. Bruce Behringer, “Health Care Services in Appalachia,” in
Sowing Seeds in the Mountains: Community-Based Coalitions for Cancer Prevention and Control
, ed. Richard A. Couto, Nancy K. Simpson, and Gale Harris (Bethesda, MD: Appalachia Leadership Initiative on Cancer, Cancer Control Sciences Program, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute, 1994); Jeffrey Stensland, Curt Mueller, and Janet Sutton, introduction
to
An Analysis of Financial Conditions of Health Care Institutions in the Appalachian Region and Their Economic Impacts
(Washington, DC: ARC, 2002), iii–v.

29
. Gary Burkett, “Status of Health in Appalachia,” in Couto, Simpson, and Harris,
Sowing Seeds
, 66–67.

30
. Ibid., 59.

31
. Mike Stobbe, “Kentucky No. 2 in Rate of Heart Disease—Only West Virginia Is Worse,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, February 16, 2007; Burkett, “Status of Health,” 55.

32
. Laura Unger and P. G. Dunlap, “Black Lung Study Sees Growing Problems, Gaps in Safety,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, July 6, 2007.

33
. Ken Ward Jr., “One by One Disasters Make Headlines, but Most Miners Killed on the Job Site Alone,”
Charleston (WV) Gazette
, November 5, 2006.

34
. Ken Ward Jr., “MSHA Report Finds Own Performance Unacceptable: Inspectors, Managers Failed in 2006 Deaths,”
Charleston (WV) Gazette
, June 29, 2007.

35
. Linda J. Johnson, “Eastern Kentucky: Painkiller Capital,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, January 19, 2003.

36
. Ibid.; Appalachian Regional Commission, “Substance Abuse in Appalachia,”
http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=1750
.

37
. Claire Ansberry and Rick Wartzman, “State of Despair: West Virginia, Mired in Poverty, Corruption, Battles a Deep Gloom,”
Wall Street Journal
, September 21, 1988.

38
. Sue Lindsey, “Coal Town Seeks to Polish Image after Pork Rind Political Scandal,”
Hampton (VA) Daily Press
, April 27, 2006.

39
. Crit Luallen (auditor of public accounts, Commonwealth of Kentucky), “Knott County '06 Audit,” news release, July 11, 2007.

40
. Alan Maimon, “Letcher Official Doesn't Fear Backing Controversial Causes,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 3, 2005.

41
. Gil Lawson, “A Crisis in Appalachia: Grassroots Reform Effort Shows Results,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, September 6, 1989.

42
. Strat Douthat, “Strip Mining Halt Asked after West Virginia Floods,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 10, 1977; “Carroll Says Silt from Strip Mining Not a Major Cause of Heavy Flooding,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 8, 1977.

43
. Jerry Hardt,
Harlan County Flood Report
(Livingston, KY: Appalachia—Science in the Public Interest, 1978); “Strip Mines Made Floods Worse,”
Plow
, September 2, 1978, 2.

44
. “Flood Causes: Get Serious with Studies,”
Charleston (WV) Gazette
, May 8, 2002.

45
. Phillip Barbich, “A Dirty Business: The Martin County Coal Mine Slurry Spill and the Bush Cover-up of an Environmental Disaster,”
Salon.com
,
November 13, 2003; Lee Mueller, “Coal Company Calls Spill Act of God,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, November 30, 2000; “Sludge Inquiry Allegedly Hindered,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, April 4, 2004; David Hensley (general manager of Martin County Coal Corporation), “Errors Flood Slurry-Spill Reports,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, April 26, 2004.

46
. Ken Ward Jr., “Mine Ruling Tossed: Haden's Valley Fills Ruling Overturned Again,”
Charleston (WV) Gazette
, January 30, 2003.

47
. Ken Ward Jr., “Thirty Years Later, Mine Law's Success Debated,”
Charleston (WV) Gazette
, July 22, 2007.

48
.
Keeper of the Mountains
, dir. B. J. Gudmundsson (Lewisburg, WV: Patchwork Films, 2006).

49
. “Pollution Suit Names Tannery,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, May 17, 1983; “Agreement Settles Federal Suit,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, September 14, 1985; “Polluted Creek Draws International Concern,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, February 10, 1987; “Middlesboro Site of Battle over Sewage,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, April 3, 1990; “Activists Rally around Dayhoit,”
Lexington Herald-Leader
, July 26, 1990.

50
. Anna Manzo and Scott Harris, “The Dead Pigeon River,”
Environmental Magazine
, May–June 1997; Daniel R. Varat, “Champion Fiber Company,” in Abramson and Haskell,
Encyclopedia of Appalachia
, 467. See also Daniel Varat, “The Champion Family: Mountaineers in the Modern World” (PhD diss., University of Mississippi, 2002), and Richard A. Bartlett,
Troubled Waters: Champion International and the Pigeon River Controversy
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995).

51
. “Protestors Shut Down Bank,”
Asheville Citizen-Times
, August 14, 2007; Rainforest Action Network, “Protest and Picket Bank of America's 37th Annual Investor's Conference,” September 7, 2007,
http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2007/09/07/18446200.php
.

52
.
Keeper of the Mountains
.

1
. Bill McKibben,
Deep Economy: The Wealth of Communities and the Durable Future
(New York: Times Books, 2007); James Gustave Speth,
The Bridge at the Edge of the World: Capitalism, the Environment, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008); David C. Korten,
Agenda for a New Economy: From Phantom Wealth to Real Wealth
(San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2010); Wendell Berry,
The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture
(San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1977); Jim Wallis,
Rediscovering Values: On Wall Street, Main Street, and Your Street
(New York: Howard, 2010); and David E. Shi,
The Simple Life: Plain Living and High Thinking in American Culture
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).