Unholy Fury (57 page)

57
   Ibid.

58
   Memorandum of Conversation, Meeting of Departmental Officers with Mr RL Sneider and US Officials, 6 March 1974, A1838, 250/9/1, Part 17, NAA

59
   Record of Conversation, Whitlam with Admiral N Gayler, CINPAC and Marshall Green, Canberra, 14 March 1974, A1838, 250/9/1, Part 18, NAA.

60
   National Security Study Memorandum (NSSM) 204, ‘US Policy Toward Australia'; Memorandum, Kissinger to the Acting Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, Director of CIA, 1 July 1974, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, GFL.

61
   National Security Study Memorandum (NSSM) 204 was declassified at this author's request. On the role of the NSSM, see
www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nationalsecuritymemoranda.php
.

62
   Memorandum, WR Smyser to Secretary Kissinger, 18 July 1974, in
FRUS, 1969–1976
, vol. E-12, Document 10.

63
   The discussion in this section, unless otherwise advised, is taken from Box 12, folder ‘Senior Review Group Meeting, 8/15/74—Australia (NSSM 204) (2)', NSC Institutional Files, GFL. The documents include Memorandum, Smyser to Kissinger, 22 August 1974; ‘Talking points', NSSM 204, ‘Review of US Policy toward Australia' (with Annexes), 9 August 1974.

64
   Telegram 3988, American Embassy Canberra to Secretary of State, 25 June 1974,
www.nara.gov
, accessed 30 July 2012.

65
   Memorandum, Smyser to Kissinger, 22 August 1972, NSC Institutional Files (H-Files), Institutional Files, Meetings (IFM), SRG Meeting, 15 August 1974, Australia, NSSM 204 [1]), Box H-12, GFL.

66
   EGW, ‘Message to President Gerald Ford', 9 August 1974, WI, accessed 20 July 2014.

67
   EGW, ‘Mr Whitlam's Comment on American Election', Press Statement no. 73, 4 November 1976, WI, accessed 20 July 2014.

68
   Despatch no. 6/74, Patrick Shaw to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, 6    September 1974, A1838, 250/9/1, Part 21, NAA; Correspondence, Morris James to the Minister, 11 October 1974, FCO 24/1904, TNA.

69
   Telegram 6178, American Embassy Canberra to the Secretary of State, 20 September 1974,
FRUS, 1969–1976
, vol. E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia, Document 51.

70
   Memorandum, Kissinger to the President, ‘Meeting with Australian Prime Minister Whitlam', Presidential Country Files, East Asia and the Pacific, Box 1, GFL; Prime Minister's Press Conference at the United Nations, New York, 1    October 1974, WI, accessed 13 February 2013.

71
   
Australian
, 13 March 1975.

72
   Ibid; see also Telegram, US Embassy Canberra to Secretary of State, Box 78, RG 84, NARA.

73
   Memorandum of Conversation, American Consul General Sydney with David Connolly MP, 13 March 1975, Box 79, RG 84, NARA.

74
   Memorandum of Conversation, Marshall Green and James Schlesinger, Washington, 7 February 1975, in
FRUS, 1969–1976
, vol. E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia, 1973–1976, Document 53.

75
   For reporting of Whitlam government's attitude on these questions, see Telegrams from American Embassy Canberra to Secretary of State, especially Telegram 0886 of 10 February 1975; Telegram 2083 of 4 April 1975 and Telegram 2237 of 29 April 1975, all at
www.nara.gov.au
, accessed 20 July 2010.

76
   Age, 29 April 1975.

77
   Memorandum, Kissinger to President Ford, ‘Meeting with Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam', 1 May 1975, NSA, Presidential Country Files, East Asia and the Pacific, Box 1, GFL.

78
   
Australian
, 10 May 1975. The GRUNK was the French acronym for the Royal Government of the National Union of Kampuchea.

79
   EGW, Speech to the National Press Club, Washington DC, 8 May 1975, WI, accessed 8 July 2011. See also Whitlam's statement on Indochina in the Parliament, 8 April 1975, WI.

80
   Mansfield, cited in Freudenberg,
A Certain Grandeur
, p. 341.

81
   Defence Committee Minute No 11/1975, 3 October 1975, published in
Bulletin
, 12 June 1976.

82
   The Secretary's Principals' and Regionals' Staff Meeting, 7 July 1975, in Office of the Secretary, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1975–77, Box 7, RG 59, NARA.

83
   Prime Minister's Speech at Public Meeting, Port Augusta, 2 November 1975, WI, accessed 7 January 2013. See also Hocking,
Gough Whitlam—His Time
, pp. 293–5;
Canberra Times
, 3 November 1975.

84
   Telegram 260731, Department of State to US Embassy Canberra, 4 November 1975, in
FRUS, 1969–1976
, vol. E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia, 1973–1976, Document 58.

85
   
AFR
, 4 November 1975. See also Whitlam,
CPD
, H of R, 4 November 1975, WI, accessed 2 May 2014.

86
   Paul Kelly,
The Unmaking of Gough
(Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1976), p. 29.

87
   EGW, television interview, 6 November 1975, quoted in Cable, American Embassy Canberra to Secretary of State, 10 November 1975,
www.nara.gov
, accessed 21 October 2013.

88
   
Canberra Times
, 5 November 1975. The fullest and most authoritative account of this affair is to be found in PG Edwards,
Arthur Tange
—
Last of the Mandarins
(Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2006), pp. 271–85.

89
   Tange, quoted in Brian Toohey and Marian Wilkinson,
The Book of Leaks
(Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1987) p. 95.

90
   Tange, quoted in Kelly,
The Unmaking of Gough
, p. 32.

91
   Toohey and Wilkinson,
The Book of Leaks
, p. 97. The full text of the cable is at
CPD
, H of R, 4 May 1977.

92
   Kelly,
The Unmaking of Gough
, pp. 32ff.

93
   EGW,
The Whitlam Government
, p. 53.

94
   Memorandum of Conversation, Kerry Sibraa with Frank Starbuck (Cultural Affairs Officer) and Warren West (Political/Economic Officer), Sydney, 11 November 1975, in Box 76, RG 84, NARA.

Conclusion: ‘Almost Incomprehensible'

1
    Correspondence, Marshall Green to EG Whitlam, 30 December 1975, WI, accessed 2 June 2013.

2
    Memorandum, Thomas J Barnes to Brent Scowcroft, 14 November 1975, Presidential Country Files, East Asia and the Pacific, Box 1, GFL. The memorandum contains a press clipping from the Australian news wires, featuring the quote from
Australian
, 10 November 1975.

3
    
Age
, 27 December 1975.

4
    Memorandum of Conversation, President Ford and Ambassador James W Hargrove, 6 February 1976,
www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0314/1553358.pdf
, GFL, accessed 4 July 2012.

5
    Memorandum of Conversation, President Ford with Ambassador Nicholas Parkinson, 16 March 1976, National Security Adviser, Memoranda of Conversations, Box 18, GFL.

6
    Memorandum, Russ Rourke to Jack Marsh, 31 December 1975, NSA, Presidential Country Files, Box 2, GFL.

7
    Correspondence, Green to Kissinger, 31 July 1975, Box 9, MGP.

8
    Plimsoll, ‘Ambassador's Report on Australia's Relations with the United States, March 1972-February 1973', A1838, 250/9/1, Part 16, NAA.

9
    Minutes of the Acting Secretary of State's Staff Meeting, Washington, 14 June 1974, in
FRUS, 1969–1976
, vol. E-12, Document 48.

10
   Interview, Charles Stuart Kennedy with Ambassador William C Harrop, 24 August 1993, the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project,
www.loc.gov/collection/foreign-affairs-oral-history
, accessed 16 March 2011.

11
   Despatch no. 6/74, Shaw to the Minister, ‘Australian-United States Relations 1974', 6 September 1974, A1838, 250/9/1, Part 21, NAA.

12
   Correspondence, W Peters (British High Commission, Canberra) to JK Hickman (FCO), 19 June 1973, FCO 24/1604, TNA.

13
   Telegram 8624, From the Embassy in Australia to the Department of State, 31 December 1975, in
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976
, vol. E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia, 1973–1976, Document 59,
www.history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969–76ve12/d59
.

14
   R Gerald Hughes and Thomas Robb, ‘Kissinger and the Diplomacy of Coercive Linkage in the “Special Relationship” between the United States and Great Britain, 1969–1977',
Diplomatic History
, vol. 37, no. 4 (2013), pp. 861–905.

15
   Fraser, 1 May 1976, in Meaney (ed.),
Australia and the World
, Document 425, pp. 781–86.

16
   Memorandum, Scowcroft to the President, ‘Meeting with Australian Prime Minister J Malcolm Fraser', 27 July 1976, National Security Archive, Presidential Briefing for VIP Visits, Folder 7/27/76, Box 1, GFL.

17
   Fraser, Speech to the National Press Club, Washington, 29 July 1976, AFAR, vol. 47, no. 8 (August 1976), pp. 425–9.

18
   Menzies, quoted in
Canberra Times
, 27 May 1977.

19
   Correspondence, Menzies to Nixon, 21 August 1973, Menzies Papers, MS 4936, Box 23, NLA.

20
   Nixon, quoted in
Canberra Times
, 27 May 1977.

21
   ‘Australia's Labor Party: Implications of an Election Victory: An Intelligence Assessment', CIA, Directorate of Intelligence, 8 February 1983, CIA Records, NARA.

22
   Telegram 0434, ‘Ambassador Makes Initial Call on New Foreign Minister Bill Hayden', Executive Secretariat, NSC, Country Files, Box 6, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (RRPL), Simi Valley, California.

23
   Bob Hawke,
The Hawke Memoirs
(Melbourne: Heinemann, 1994), p. 205.

24
   
Australian
, 15 June 1983; Age, 20 June 1983.

25
   Cited in Greg Pemberton, ‘Australia and the United States' in JR Angel and PR Boyce (eds),
Diplomacy in the Marketplace: Australia in World Affairs, 1981–90
(Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992), p. 135.

26
   Memorandum, William P Clark to the President, ‘Meeting with Prime Minister Hawke of Australia', 10 June 1983, Executive Secretariat NSC, Country Files, Box 6, RRPL.

27
   Extracts from American Embassy, Canberra, Cable, attached to Memorandum, David Laux to William P Clark, ‘Appointment with Australian Foreign Minister Bill Hayden', 11 July 1983, Executive Secretariat, National Security Council, NSC Country Files, Box 6, RRPL.

28
   Incoming Telegram 2034, Department of State, 5 July 1983, Gaston Sigur Collection, Box 1, RRPL.

29
   Memorandum, David Laux to William P Clark, ‘Appointment with Australian Foreign Minister Bill Hayden', 11 July 1983, Executive Secretariat, National Security Council, NSC Country Files, Box 6, RRPL.

30
   
Australian
, 15 June 1983.

31
   White House Situation Room, David Laux to Gaston Sigur and Robert McFarlane, Eyes Only, 14 July 1984, Executive Secretariat, National Security Council, NSC Country Files, Box 6, RRPL.

32
   
CPD
, H of R, 22 February 1985, p. 50.

33
   Pemberton, ‘Australia and the United States', p. 143.

34
   Interview, Charles Stuart Kennedy with Ambassador William C Harrop, 24 August 1993.

 

Archives

Details of specific items can be found in the references on pages 315–355.

Australian

National Archives of Australia, NAA, Canberra

A1838, Department of External Affairs, Central Office, 1948–70.

A1838, Department of Foreign Affairs, Central Office, 1971–78.

A5619, Prime Minister's Department, Cabinet Files, 1968–71.

M4322, Papers of Sir Keith Waller.

CP99, Papers of Edward Gough Whitlam.

M1356, Personal Papers of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser.

 

National Library of Australia (NLA), Canberra

John Gorton Papers, MS 7984.

Robert Menzies Papers, MS 4936.

James Plimsoll Papers, MS 8084.

William McMahon Papers, MS 3926.

ORAL TRC 314, Oral History Interview, Sir Keith Waller with JDB Miller.

 

Whitlam Institute, University of Western Sydney

Whitlam Institute E-Collection,
www.whitlam.org

 

Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Library, Adelaide

Personal Papers of RJL Hawke.

 

Overseas

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, Maryland

RG 59, General Records of the Department of State.

RG 59, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Island Affairs, Office of Australian and New Zealand Affairs.

RG 59, Lot Files, Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs: Office of the Assistant Secretary, Subject Files, 1961–74.

RG 59, Office of the Secretary, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1975–77.

RG 84, US Embassy Canberra: Classified Central Subject Files, 1949–77.