Unholy Fury (64 page)

Nixon administration and: concerns over future of intelligence facilities,
12
,
147
,
259
,
260–1
,
267–9
,
278
,
279–80
,
281
,
282
,
283–4
,
301
,
311
; expectations,
172
,
189
,
283
,
301
; intolerant of criticism,
21
,
138
,
146
,
163
,
172
,
178
,
215
,
236
,
237
; plans greater cooperation,
283
; response to maritime bans,
183
; thoughts of ending alliance,
12
,
21
,
259
,
278

relationship in Ford administration,
286–7
,
291
; calm,
284–5
; concerns over intelligence facilities,
287
,
291
,
292
,
293
; healthier,
286
; tensions,
287

relationship in Nixon years,
302–3
; and consultation,
148
,
159
,
265
,
267
,
277
,
281
; crisis and tensions,
11
,
12
,
13
,
21
,
146
,
170–1
,
172
,
193
,
212
,
216
,
225
,
235
,
236
,
266–7
,
270
,
276
,
300
,
303
,
311
; deterioration,
114
,
203
; downward slide,
179
,
189
,
202
,
221
,
253
,
277–8
; freeze in,
146
,
147
,
172
,
173
,
174
,
178
,
195
,
201
,
206–7
,
213
; and new understanding of alliance,
179–80
,
189
,
190
,
199
,
212–13
,
224
,
228
,
238
,
242
,
244
,
256
,
264
,
274
,
277
,
304
,
313
; and ‘Nixon realism',
150
; in peril,
260
,
279
,
281
; and punishment,
305
; threats,
164
,
179
,
313

and US commitment to security of Australia,
148
,
192
; threatened,
149–50

US views of Australia and government in Ford administration,
286–7

US views of Australia, Whitlam and government,
168
,
172
,
176–7
,
179
,
183
,
193
,
196
,
224
,
238
,
253
,
255–6
; as challenging US credibility,
148
,
152
; CIA,
200–1
; ‘continuing turn to the left',
260
,
279–80
; as deserting western alliance,
150
,
196
,
301
,
311
; mellowing,
285
; moving towards isolationism,
262
; praise,
250
; press,
147
,
148–9
,
250
; as renegade,
194
; suspicion,
147
,
258
,
270
,
311
; as unpredictable,
198
,
237
,
249–50
,
280

Whitlam works to redefine alliance,
14
,
23–4
,
50
,
161
,
173
,
174
,
190
,
192
,
206
,
214–15
,
216
,
222
,
234
,
240
,
249
,
257–8
,
312
; support for,
168
,
169
,
190
,
192
,
215

see also
Whitlam as prime minister
;
Nixon and Whitlam

US–Australia alliance since Whitlam era,
24
,
310

Australian view of alliance: ANZUS,
309
; in Fraser years,
306
; in Hawke years,
308–9
,
310
; rhetoric of support from both sides of politics,
314

legacy of Whitlam era,
306
,
312–13

relations between allies in Fraser years,
298
,
299
; revival of old patterns,
298

relations in Hawke years,
308
,
310
; and intelligence facilities,
310

and US commitment to security of Australia,
310

US views on Australia,
300
,
306
; CIA,
308
; Hawke government,
308
,
309

Ushiba, Nobuhiko,
174

 

Vietnam war,
46

Australia: committed to under Coalition,
21
,
28
,
45
,
46
,
51
,
62
,
80
,
86
; anti-war marches,
112
,
134
; and conscription,
52
,
65
; and popular support,
52
; troop numbers,
60
,
62
,
64
,
133–4
; unpopular,
111
,
112

bombing of North Vietnam,
13
,
52
,
86
,
153
; Christmas bombings of 1972,
145–6
,
154
,
155–7
,
196
,
199–200
, (national and international condemnation),
146
,
157–8
,
159
,
168
,
190

disagreements between Australia and US,
11
,
13
,
60
,
148
; Christmas bombings,
161–4
,
166
,
168
,
170
,
173
,
176
,
177

and Ford administration: communist victory,
287
,
288

and Johnson administration,
22
,
45
,
55
,
87
; course of war,
54
,
56
,
83
,
88–9
; de-escalation,
89
; desperation,
62
; troop increases,
62
,
180

Kennedy administration,
42

My Lai massacre,
134
,
228

Nixon administration,
106
,
211
,
275
; desire for honourable end,
102
,
110
,
152–3
; deteriorating situation,
113
,
117
; efforts towards a negotiated settlement,
144–5
,
146
,
150
,
153–4
,
168
,
311
; interventions in Cambodia and Laos,
153
,
212
; peace accords,
199
,
204
; ‘Vietnamisation' policy,
153
; and withdrawing troops,
112
,
133
,
152
,
153

North Vietnamese: and peace negotiations,
145
,
155–5
,
168
; Tet Offensive,
88–9
; violations of cease-fire,
206

Pentagon Papers leaked,
135–6
; impact of,
136

South Vietnamese,
136
,
145
,
148
,
153
,
155

and US allies,
51
,
62–3
,
67
,
86
; deceived,
136
; defeat,
19
,
200
,
287
,
288
; importance of,
52
,
53
,
55
; and troop numbers,
60
,
63

see also
United States

 

Walker, John,
292

Waller, Sir Keith,
90
,
91
,
92
,
100
,
106–7
,
141

as head of foreign affairs,
162
,
165
,
166–7
,
169
,
170–1
,
173
,
187

Ward, Stuart,
22

Webster, David,
44

West, Warren,
295

Westmoreland, Gen. William,
78
,
91

Whitlam, Gough (in Opposition),
11

American sympathies,
14–15
,
79
,
96
,
97
; on anti-Americanism in Australia,
138
; on ‘damage' caused by Vietnam war,
136
; and Gulf of Tonkin incident,
76–7
; and idealised America,
83
,
86
,
98
,
113–14
,
134

and Australian diplomacy,
140

on defence policy,
97

election campaign of 1972: and US alliance,
138
,
139

on foreign affairs,
36
,
75
,
76
,
79
,
88
; foreign bases/installations,
38
; on self-reliance within US alliance,
15
,
23
,
36
,
88
,
97
,
97
; supports US alliance and ANZUS treaty,
9–10
,
26
,
28
,
37
,
72
,
76–7
,
79
,
80
,
82
,
84
,
97
, (and influencing US regional role),
77–8
,
86
,
87
,
97

on foreign affairs and the region,
80
,
81
,
96
,
98
; Cold War in Asia,
8
,
51–2
,
72
,
77
; opposition to war in Vietnam,
65
,
75
,
78
,
80
,
82
,
83
,
84
,
96
,
111
; recognition of China,
75
,
88
,
108
,
110
,
115
,
116–17

and Labor's policy dilemma,
51–2

as leader of party,
69
; attacks government interpretation of US alliance,
78–9
,
82
,
87
,
95
,
99
,
105
; on government Vietnam policy,
86
,
99
; need to win confidence of US,
84
; policies for 1969 election,
107
; challenge from Cairns,
134

new beginning: China policy vindicated,
110–11
,
117
,
122
,
130
; on Cold War,
127
; on foreign policy,
130
,
137
; high-level contacts in US,
137
,
138
; idea of Australian self-reliance,
126
; sharpens criticism of Vietnam war,
134
,
136
,
174
; tackles conservatives' foreign and defence policies,
112
,
113–14
,
127–8
; and US alliance,
114
,
119
,
120
,
121
,
130
,
135
,
140
; on US installations in Australia,
114
,
134
,
139

recalls war service: with US personnel,
28

tensions with Calwell,
65
,
75

and US foreign policies,
9
,
81–3
,
97
,
130
; on China,
110
,
120
,
127
,
130–1
; Vietnam,
83
,
107
,
121
,
122
,
134

US views of,
81
,
84–5
,
87
,
125
,
137
; as potential prime minister,
107–8
; as voice of reason,
74
,
82
,
84
,
114
,
142

visit to China with Labor delegation,
110
,
115
,
119
,
132
; as self-declared ‘pathfinder' for Nixon,
123
,
127
; and the US alliance,
120
,
121
,
127

visit to Japan,
122–3

visits to US,
81
,
117
,
137
; meets Johnson,
84–5
; rebuffed,
137–8
,
143
; speeches,
139
; in Washington,
14
,
84–6
,
134

worldview of,
8
,
76
,
116

see also
Labor Party (ALP) in Opposition

Whitlam, Gough (in Opposition after dismissal and defeat),
284
,
297–8

and CIA meddling in politics,
293

Whitlam government

arts and culture: purchase of
Blue Poles
,
15

and business sector,
186

civic culture: removing residual colonial links with Britain,
196

criticism of Nixon,
261
; of US foreign policies,
259
,
274

criticism of Vietnam war,
145
,
175
,
179
,
198
,
220
,
259
,
261
,
262
,
274
; Christmas bombings of 1972,
160
,
168
,
176
,
177
,
182
,
185
,
186
,
215
,
262
; and maritime bans,
183