Voices of Islam (175 page)

also
Families

Religion
(din):
conflict with science, 2; as cultural system, 53; move toward secularization, 2, 32; perceptions of,

136–37

Religious tolerance, 27

Removal of hardship
(taysir),
198, 204

Repudiation
(zihar),
64

Respect, toward parents, 20, 93–95,

97–101

Riba
(unlawful interest), 204–5, 209–

11, 215

Rights: of Allah, 94; of children, 59; of contracting parties, 212; equal rights, Bangladesh government initiatives, 36; marital rights, 84–87;

of parents, 94

Right side
vs.
left side of body, hygiene considerations, 10

Rituals: ablutions, 6–7, 8, 165; preparation of bodies for burial, 163–67.
See also Hajj; Salat; Sawm; Shahada; Zakat

Robes, in Western culture, 11 Rudeness, to parents, 97–98, 101
Ruh/ruhaniyyat
(spirit; soul).
See
Soul

(ruh)

Ruku’
(bowing), 7

Rumi, Jalal al-Din, 137–38 Rumi, Mawlana Jalaluddin, 118 Ruwaym, 191

Al-Sa‘a
(‘‘The Hour’’), 158–59, 178

Sabeans, as marriage partners, 61

Sadaq
(dowry), 65–66

Sadaqa
(voluntary charity), 24, 95–96,

201

Saint-exemplars as teachers, 183–87
Saints and Virtues
(Hawley), 193
Sajda
(kneeling), 7

Sakha’
(generosity), 140–41

Sakina
(peace and tranquility), 83

Salat
(prayer):
adhan
(call to prayer), 6, 7;
al-Salat al-Jumu’a
(Friday pray- ers), 25; bedtime, 31–32; blessings during meals, 15;
du‘a
for parents, 108; fixed prayer times, 8;
istikhara
(decision making prayer), 19–20; for leaving the house, 23; obligatory, 6–

8; prayer charts, 6;
salat al-janaza
(funeral prayer), 167–68; for travel, 33 n.10; voluntary, 8

Sana‘i, Hakim, 138–39, 140, 144

Saudi Arabia: family law system, 69; head covering requirement, 14; television, opposition to, 199

Sawm
(Ramadan fast), 18.
See also

Ramadan

Sayyidatuna Hawa. See Hawa
(Eve) Scholars.
See Ulama

Schools of law.
See
Legal schools Second Pillar of Islam.
See
Prayer Secularism, 2–3, 32, 209

Self-mutilation, 9

Senility, 98

Servanthood, 188

Seven Heavens, 158, 170 n.8

Sexuality: divine aspect of, 80–81; illicit sex, 44, 58, 59; pre-Islamic period, 82; Qur’an on, 58–59; right to sex- ual satisfaction, 85

Shab-i-Barat
(fifteenth night of Sha‘- ban), 40

Shab-i-Qadar
(twenty-seventh night of Ramadan), 40

Shafi‘i school of law: guardianship
(wilaya),
64–65; marriage contract, 60–61, 69; polygyny, 69

Shahada
(Testimony of Faith), 5; invocation when dying, 124, 156;

recitation of, 61, 168

234
Index

Shah, Sir Sultan Mohammed (Aga Khan III), 71

Shalish
(village council), Purbadhala, Bangladesh, 45–46, 48, 52

Shaqiq ibn Wa’il, 97

Shari‘a:
application to commerce, 203, 209–15; divorce, 42; inheritance

rules, 43;
mahr
(dowry), 66; marital law and, 70; purposes and objectives, 198–200.
See also
Islamic law

‘‘She-Mule of the Graveyard,’’ 162–63 Shiite Islam: ‘‘enemy of the Household

of the Prophet,’’ 74 n.1; guardianship
(wilaya),
65; marriage contract, 60–61, 65; polygyny, 69;

temporary marriage
(mut‘a),
61, 66– 68; witnesses to marriage contract
(shahid),
65

Shirk
(idolatry), 138, 146 n.18

Shrouds, burial, 164, 166–67 Siblings, responsibility to, 20

Sidrat al-Muntaha’
(Lote Tree of the Furthest Boundary), 158, 170 n.11

Sigha
(marriage formula), 61

Sin: Hell and, 158, 161, 170 nn.12–13; punishment for, 160–61; Qur’an

on, 6; rudeness to parents as, 98, 101

Siwak
(toothbrushes), 10

Slaughtering rites, 15–16

Sleep, 157, 170 n.7

Smoking, 17

Social justice.
See Jihad

Social positions, married women, 22, 49–50

Soul
(nafs),
80, 92 n.1, 183, 190

Soul
(ruh):
ascent of after death, 157– 59, 170 n.8; ethical conduct and,

182–83; medicine and, 128 n.1; of

unbelievers
(kafir),
157, 158, 170 nn.12–13

‘‘Speak, but spin’’
(hadith u maghzil),

162, 171 n.21

Speech: cursing of elderly parents, 97, 98, 99; kindness of to parents, 20,

94

Spirit
(ruh). See
Soul
(ruh)

Spiritual poverty
(faqr),
188–93 Spiritual pretentiousness, 191

Spiritual transformation, 183, 186,

193

Stations of the Righteous
(Sulami), 184– 86

Stewardship, 30–31, 200–1, 209

The Stumbling of the Poor
(Sulami), 187–94

Submission:
islam,
138, 188–89; wing

of, 94, 97, 100

Substance abuse, 9, 17

As-Suddi, 96

Sufficiency, in marriage, 61–62, 65, 69,

70

Sufism:
adab
(ethical comportment), 182, 185–86, 194–95 n.14;

definitions of, 182, 193; literature,

129–30; spirit/soul and, 182–83; Sulami, teachings of, 187–94

Suhur
(meal), 18

Suicide, 6, 154, 155

Sujud
(kneeling), 7

Al-Sulami, Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman, 184– 85, 187–94

Sultana, Najman Ara (justice), 45–46

Suluk al-‘arifin
(Sulami), 193

Sunna
(Way of the Prophet): as basis of religious knowledge, 184; family law and, 57;
maqbul
(accepted) and
mardud
(rejected), 203; as source of commercial law, 203; text of in
Zalal al-fuqara
(Sulami), 189–90; on
Zakat,
24–25

Sunni Islam: ‘‘enemy of the Houshold of the Prophet,’’ 74 n.1; guardianship
(wilaya),
64–65, 70;

marriage contract, 60–63, 65, 88;

temporary marriage
(mut‘a),
67, 68; witnesses to marriage contract
(shahid),
65

Sunset prayer
(maghrib),
8, 18 Sura(s): of Maryam, 114; of
Qadr

(Divine Power), 118; of Ya Sin, 115, 174, 175; of Yosuf, 114

Surat al-Fatiha
(‘‘The Opening’’), 7, 167–68

Index
235

Surat al-Infitar
(‘‘The Cleaving Asun- der’’), 177–78

Surat al-Nisa’,
forbidden marriages, 62–63

Surat al-Rahman
(‘‘The All- Merciful’’), 30–31

Swiss Civil Code, 70 Syria, 69

Tabari: on motherhood, 108, 109;

parents, treatment of, 94, 95, 96, 98,

100

Tarawih
(prayers), 18

Tattoos, 9

Tawhid
(oneness of God), 6, 79, 199 Taxes: Alms Tax of Islam
(Zakat),
24– 25, 96, 200–1; attempts to reduce,

201; real estate, 205

Taysir
(removal of hardship), 198, 204 Teachers, saint-exemplars as, 183–87 Temporary marriage
(mut‘a),
61, 66–

68

Terrorism, supporters of, 201 Theodicy, 134, 145 n.9

The Wayfaring of the Gnostics
(Sulami), 193

Third Pillar of Islam.
See Zakat

‘‘Time of Ignorance.
See
Pre-Islamic period

Time, use of, 18–19 Tobacco use, 17 Toilets, use of, 10

Toothbrushers
(miswak; siwak),
10 Trade.
See
Business

Transparency in business transactions, 211–12

Travel, supplication for, 33 n.10 Trials of humanity, 135–39

‘‘The Trustworthy’’
(Al-Amin),
197, 206

Tsunami of 2004, 176–78

Tunisia: family law reforms, 69; head coverings, 14

Turkey: civil law, 69–70; head coverings, 14

Twelver Shiites.
See
Imami (Twelver) Shi‘ism

‘‘Uff’’: Abraham use of, 99; cursing of elderly parents, 97, 98, 99

Ulama
(scholars): consensus of for commercial law, 204–6; consultation among
(shura),
206; on mothers, treatment of, 93

‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (second caliph): on
mut‘a
(temporary) marriage, 68; on nonbelievers, 97

Umayyad dynasty of Caliphs, 74 n.1

Umma
(community of Muslims): daily life, 25–26; as minority citizens, 28–

30.
See also
Community activities Unbelief
(kufr),
138

Unbeliever(s)
(kafir):
definition, 138; souls of, 157, 158, 170 nn.12–13

United States:
Islamic Funeral Handbook,
171 n.23; Muslims in, 27,

29, 169; public school systems, 30 Unity, doctrine of, 79

‘Urf
(customary usage), 205

Veils and head coverings, 11–14 Victory Day (Bangladesh), 41

Village councils
(bichar; salish),
45–46, 48, 52

Virgin conception of Isa (Jesus), 118, 119

Virginity, 44

Virgins,
(mut‘a)
temporary marriage to, 67

Voluntary activities: charity
(Sadaqa),

24, 95–96, 201; fasting, 18; prayers, 8

Wahnan ‘ala wahnin
(weakness upon weakness), 107–8

Waiting period
(‘idda):
following divorce, 63–64; following
mut‘a
(temporary) marriage, 67; widows, 162

Wakala
(agency), in contracts, 213

Waqf
(endowment), 202
War and Peace
(Tolstoy), 91 War on Terror, 201

Washing: hygiene obligations, 9–10; preparing bodies for burial, 151–53, 163–67;
wudu’,
6–7, 8

236
Index

Wealth: charity and, 96; as source of power, 51;
Zakat
and, 24–25, 96, 200–1.
See also
Property

Western culture: attitudes toward Muslims, 29–30; robes in, 11; stereotypical views of Muslims, 81

Widows: inheritance, 43, 48;

protection of, 59, 82, 90; waiting

period, 162

Wilaya
(guardianship), 64–65, 69 Wine, prohibition against, 17.
See also

Alcohol drinking

Witnesses to marriage contract

(shahid),
65

‘‘Womb bonds’’
(silat al-rahm),
88 Womb, sacredness of, 87

Women: Bangladeshi, 35–37, 46–50,

53; breastfeeding, 18, 22, 86, 107,

108; burial shrouds, 164;

childrearing, 84–85, 86, 87, 107,

109–10; dress requirements, 11–14;

family names, 85, 89; marital roles,

21, 22, 47–49, 53, 81–86; mosque

attendance, 25; motherhood, 87–88; negotiation of
mahr
(dowry), 66; rights of, 84–85, 86–87; work and

earnings, 22, 50, 70, 85.
See also

Gender roles; Marriage Worship, obligation to, 6
Wudu’
(ablutions), 6–7, 8

Yahya (John the Baptist), 98, 101,

117

Yahya ibn Mu‘adh al-Razi, 190

Ya Sin/Yasin, Sura of, 115, 174, 175

Yin
and
Yang
symbols, 79 Yosuf, Sura of, 114

Zakariyya, 116–17

Zakat
(mandatory charity; Alms Tax of Islam), 24–25, 96, 200–1.
See also Sadaqa

Zalal al-fuqara
(Sulami), 187–94

Zawjayn
(pairs), duality principle, 60, 78–80

Zayn al-‘Abidin ‘Ali ibn al-Husayn.
See

‘Ali Zayn al-‘Abidin (imam)

Zihar
(repudiation), 64

Zilani, Abdul Quadir
(Bara Pir),
44, 55 n.30

Zoroastrians, as marriage partners, 61

Zuhr
(noon prayer), 8

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