Voices of Islam (172 page)

45. Ibid., 41.

1. Many scholars view the prohibition of
   riba al-fadl
   as ‘‘blocking the means’’ to
   riba,
   rather than as a prohibition of
   riba
   itself. In Thomas,
   Interest in Islamic Economics
   , Shaykh Wahba al-Zuhayli reviews rules relating to the restriction of unlawful gain in the trading of food commodities as distinct from monetary commodities.
   

   220
   Voices of Life: Family, Home, and Society
   

2. Sahih Muslim,
   trans. Abdul Hamid Siddiqi (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1992), vol. 3, 800. In
   Sahih al-Bukhari,
   trans. Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan, 199, the concept of
   gharar
   is characterized as the sale of that which is not present at the moment of sale.
   

3. Sahih al-Bukhari,
   trans. Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan, Vol. 3, 166.
   

4. Kamali,
   Islamic Commercial Law,
   85; elsewhere, Kamali compares
   bay‘ al-ma‘dum
   , the sale of a nonexistent object, to
   gharar
   in that both take undue advan- tage of the ignorance of the purchaser.
   

50. Ibid., 85.

51. Ibid., 88.

1. Ala’ Eddin Kharofa,
   Transactions in Islamic Law
   (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia:
   

   A.S. Noordeen, 1997), 7.
   

2. Doi,
   Shariah,
   356.
   

3. Sahih Muslim,
   trans. Siddiqi, 804.
   

4. Ramadan,
   Islamic Law,
   68.
   

5. Kamali,
   Islamic Commercial Law,
   131 and 76.
   

6. Ibid., 142; this interpretation is one of a variety of interpretations of Qur’an 2:276 (‘‘Allah has blighted
   riba
   but has made acts of charity fruitful’’).
   

7. Kharofa,
   Transactions in Islamic Law
   , 26; however, according to some scholars, a verbal promise may be enforceable and subject to sanction. See Usmani, ‘‘The Principle of Limited Liability,’’ 119 and Usmani, Introduction, 88.
   

8. Kharofa,
   Transactions in Islamic Law,
   12.
   

9. Certain permissible contracts relate to objects that may not yet exist or are yet to be produced. They are permitted because of the limitation of intentional deception and the public good that they enable.
   

10. Kharofa,
    Transactions in Islamic Law,
    42–43.
    

11. DeLorenzo, ‘‘Shariah Boards and Modern Islamic Finance.’’
    

12. The Mejelle,
    trans. C. R. Tyser et al. (Kuala Lumpur: The Other Press, 2001), 239–254.
    

13. Usmani, ‘‘The Principle of Limited Liability,’’ 18.
    

14. Sahih Muslim
    , trans. Siddiqi, 847–848.
    

15. Ibid., 802; the rules of possession for grain and money are distinct from and more restrictive than those concerning other goods, as these are explicitly cited in the traditions governing
    riba
    . See also,
    Sahih al-Bukhari
    , trans. Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan, 192–195.
    

16. Usmani, ‘‘The Principle of Limited Liability,’’ 79.
    

17. See Nelly Hanna,
    Making Big Money in 1600: The Life and Times of Isma‘il Abu Taqiyya, Egyptian Merchant
    (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1998), 51.
    

18. Cited in Kamali,
    Islamic Commercial Law
    , 100.
    

19. Yusuf al-Qaradawi,
    The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam,
    trans. Kamal El Helbawy et al. (Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications, n.d.), 258–259.
    

71. Ibid., 71.

72. Ibid., 78.

Islam and Business
221

1. Johansen, ‘‘Legal Literature and the Problem of Change,’’ in
   Islam and Pub- lic Law,
   ed. Mallat, 32.
   Fatawa
   often take the form of a reduction of a legal school’s view on a specific matter for public consumption; or they may be a view of the
   mufti
   (the person authorized to issue a
   fatwa
   ), legitimized by the
   mufti
   ’s standing and without specific indications of precedent or pointers to the authentic texts.
   

2. Ramadan,
   Islamic Law
   , 84.
   

3. Mohammad Hashim Kamali, ‘‘Appellate Review and Judicial Independence in Islamic Law,’’ in
   Islam and Public Law
   , ed. Mallat, 64; in the Qur’an, the Prophet David, not Solomon, is the paradigmatic model for a judge. After describing the set- tlement of a dispute in which David’s judgment proved to be a test of David by God, David is told: ‘‘Oh David, We have made you a vicegerent (
   khalifa
   ) on Earth; therefore, judge between people in truth and do not follow the passions that would distract you from the way of God’’ (38:26).
   

I
NDEX
‌

•

Ablutions
(wudu’),
6–7, 8, 165 Abraham, use of ‘‘Uff,’’ 99

Abu ‘Abdallah al-Jala’, 190 Abu al-Baddah at-Tujibi, 99 Abu ‘Ali al-Juzjani, 192

Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, 109 Abu Raja’ al-‘Ataridi, 99

Abu ‘Uthman al-Hiri, 190, 191 Abu Ya‘qub al-Nahrajuri, 190 Accountability, 163, 214–15

Adab
(ethical comportment), 182, 185–86, 188, 195–96 n.14

Adam, 46–47, 48, 80, 92 n.1

Adhan
(call to prayer), 6, 7

Adoption, 21

Adultery, 58, 59

African American Muslims, 29 Afternoon prayer
(asr),
8

Aga Khan III (Sir Sultan Mohammed Shah), 71

Aga Khan IV, 72, 74 n.2

Agency
(wakala),
in contracts, 213

Akhlaq
(ethical conduct).
See
Ethical conduct

Alcohol drinking, 9, 17

Alcohol, sale of, 199, 207

‘Ali al-Kattani, Muhammad ibn, 182 ‘Ali al-Qassab, Muhammad b., 182
Al-ihsan
(goodness), 97

‘Ali ibn Abu Talib (imam), 99, 110 ‘‘Ali Wants His Hand Back,’’ 163 ‘Ali Zayn al-‘Abidin (imam), 127 Al-Layth, ibn Sa‘id, 100

Alms Tax of Islam
(Zakat),
24–25, 96,

200–202

Al Qaeda, 218 nn.25, 28

Al-sahaba
(companionship), 93

American Muslims, 27, 29, 30, 169

Al-Amin
(‘‘The Trustworthy’’), 197, 206

Analogical reasoning
(qiyas)
in commercial law, 205, 211

Angel(s): ascension of the soul, 157– 58; descent during death, 156–57, 170 n.4; on either shoulder, 128 n.2, 153; of Hell, 158; Interrogating

Angels, 160; in the Qur’an, 117–19; views of humans, 136

Angel Gabriel, 117

Annulments, 64

Anonymity, 191–92

Ansari, ‘Abdullah, 137, 139

Apocalypse, 177–78
‘Aqd. See
Contracts
‘Aql
(intellect), 80

Arabic language: marital formula
(sigha)
in, 61; noun and pronoun gender, 80, 92 n.1; obligation to

pray in, 7

Arranged marriages, 41, 70

‘Ashura
(tenth day of Muharram), 40

Asma’, 97

Asr
(afternoon prayer), 8

Athar
(sayings of Companions), 204

Austamis
(fairs), 41

Autopsies, 152

Awami League, 40

224
Index

Awliya’ Allah
(‘‘Friends of God’’), 183–87

Ayat al-ahkam
(verses of legal rulings), 203

‘‘The Balance’’
(mizan),
161 Bangladesh: demographics, 35–36;

ethical business practices, 202; gender roles, 35–37, 46–50; government initiatives for equal rights, 36; legal system, 45–46;

members of Parliament, 36, 54 n.7; Prime Minister, 50; research study in Purbadhala, 37–41

Banking practices, 202, 210–11, 219 n.43

Bara Pir
(Zilani, Abdul Quadir), 44, 55 n.30

Barzakh
(interval; isthmus), 158 Al-Basri, Hasan, 109, 110

Bathing: obligations, 9–10; preparing bodies for burial, 151–53, 163–67

Bathrooms, use of, 10

Baul
singers, 40

Beliefs, relationship to organizations, 130, 143–44

Believers:
mu’min
(soul of the believer), 157; Qur’an on, 23, 32

Bestiality, 59

Bias, exclusionary power of, 51–52 Bible, principle of duality, 79
Bichar
(village council), 45–46, 52

Bismillah
blessing, 15–16 Blasphemy.
See
Cursing

Bodies.
See
Burial, preparing bodies for Borrowed funds, 208, 210–11

Breastfeeding/nursing, 18, 22, 86,

107, 108

Breasts
(juyubihinna),
covering of, 13 Bride-gift.
See Mahr/mohr

Bridge of Hell, 161

The Brothers Karamazov
(Dostoevsky), 134

Buddhists: celibacy, 90; as marriage partners, 61

Burial, preparing bodies for, 151–53, 163–67

Burial shrouds, 164, 166–67

Burqa,
11–12, 44

Business: commercial law, sources of, 203–9; ethics and, 202–3, 207–8; interest, unlawful
(riba),
204–5, 209–11, 215; Islamic law and, 197–

98; stewardship, 200–201, 209

Business suits, 11

Caliphs: on
mut‘a
(temporary) marriage, 68; on nonbelievers, 97; Umayyad dynasty of Caliphs, 74 n.1

Call to prayer
(adhan),
6, 7

Celibacy, 58–59, 90 Cemeteries, fear of, 160–63
Chadar
(Bengali), 43–44

Chador
(Iranian), 11–12

Charity: donations of penalty interest, 204–5; effect of War on Terror on, 201; mandatory
(Zakat),
24–25, 96,

200–201; voluntary (
Sadaqa
), 24,

95–96, 201

Childbirth: death during, 108–9, 111

n.8, 155; importance of, 107; Mary’s isolation during, 137; personal account, 113–22

Children: child–parent relationships (
See
Parents); childrearing, 84–85, 86, 87, 107, 109–10; deaths of, 108,

155; education of, 72–73; equal

treatment of, 110, 111 nn.20–22;

rights of, 59

Chinese tradition,
Yin
and
Yang,
79 Christianity: celibacy in, 90; Holy Spirit

and Virgin Mary, 79; Jesus (Isa), virgin conception of, 118, 119; observance of
parda,
50; saint- exemplar/‘‘Man of God,’’ 185, 187

Christians, as marriage partners, 61 Cleanliness.
See
Hygiene

Cleansing rituals: preparing bodies for burial, 151–53, 163–67;
wudu’,
6–7,

8

Commerce.
See
Business Commercial law, sources of, 203–9 Community activities: mosques, 25–

26; Muslim responsibilities, 23;

Index
225

women’s participation in, 22.
See also Umma

Companionship
(al-sahaba),
93 Companions of the Prophet:
athar

(sayings), 204; on charity, 24

Compulsion in marriage, 41, 70

Concubinage, 58

Conduct.
See
Ethical conduct Consensus
(ijma‘),
as basis for

commercial law, 204, 206, 208 Constitutions, Muslim Family Law

and, 57, 71

Consumer protection, 211–12 Contracts
(‘aqd):
business, 212–15;

Islamic guidelines, 24, 200, 217 n.8, 220 n.60; juristic preference
(istihsan),
204–5, 212–13; marital,

58, 60–66, 81–82

Corporations, 198

Creation: Adam and
Hawa
(Eve), 46– 47, 48, 80, 92 n.1; duality principle

in, 79, 80; of the soul, 157, 170 n.6 Crusades, Muslim views of, 28–29 Cultural considerations: burial,

preparing bodies for, 151–53, 163– 67; challenges of Muslim communities, 26–27; dress, 11–15; power and powerlessness, 51–53; religion and, 53

Cursing, of elderly parents, 97–98 Customary usage
(‘urf)
, in commercial