Voices of Islam (57 page)

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NDEX
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‘Abbas, 221

Abbasid dynasty, 199, 202, 224; Shi‘a

Islam and, 221–22, 223; Sufism

under, 206, 249–50, 255

‘Abd al-Malik (imam), 168 ‘Abduh, Muhammad, 157, 158

Ablutions (
wudu’
), 12, 131

Abraham, 28, 36, 105, 109–11, 112,

113; God’s promise to, 121 n.10; and the
Hajj,
111–13; and Ishmael, 27, 28, 32, 111, 112; and the
Ka‘ba,

16, 25, 27–28, 30, 112–113;

Muhammad and, 109–10, 113, 119, 150 n.26; as submitter to God, 103, 119

Abrahamic traditions: non-Islamic, beliefs regarding, 10–11, 36, 120;

prophets shared by, 10–11, 103–4, 119–120.
See also
Christianity; Judaism

Abu Bakr (caliph), 51, 192, 201, 212

n.4, 213 n.14

Abu Dawud, 133, 140

Abu Hanifa Nu‘man ibn Thabit, 136, 137, 159, 193, 214 n.20.
See also

Hanafi school of law

Abu Mansur al-Isfahani, 258, 259

Abu Muhammad Ja‘far al-Khuldi, 140 Abu Nu‘aym al-Isfahani, 140, 258, 259 Abu Sa‘id-i Abu’l-Khayr, 262–63

Abu Yazid.
See
Bayazid al-Bastami

Accepted Doctrines on the Foundations of Shari‘a
(Shatibi), 175

Action(s): and faith, 192–93, 198, 204;

of Muhammad, as
Sunna,
129–30; ‘‘right’’ (
‘amal
), 79–80, 83

‘Ada
(custom), 195–96.
See also

Custom

Adab,
88

Adam, 53, 90, 102, 108–9; fall of, 108;

and the
Ka‘ba,
16, 25 Adaptability, of
Shari‘a,
166
‘Adl
(justice), 173–75, 198

Administrative law, 151

The Adornment of the Saints
(Abu Nu‘aym), 140

Al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din.
See
Jamal al- Din al-Afghani

Afterlife, 39, 54, 198

Aga Khan, 163, 235

Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), 236

Ahad
(‘‘solitary hadith’’), 132, 136,

137, 142, 152–53

Ahkam
(command and prohibition), 164

Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya
(The Rules of Governance) (al-Mawardi), 203

Ahl al-Bayt,
218–19

Ahl al-Bida‘,
195

Ahl al-Hadith
(‘‘People of the Hadith’’; Traditionists), 160, 161,

177, 195

Ahl al-hall wa’l-‘aqd,
203

Ahl al-Ikhtiyar,
203

Ahl al-Kitab
(‘‘People of the Book’’), 36, 233

Ahl al-Qur’an,
132

272
Index

Ahl al-Ra’y,
177, 195

Ahl al-Shi‘a,
186.
See also
Shiite Islam

Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jama‘a,
186–88, 195, 211, 218; political struggles shaping, 188–93; spiritual practice, 204–8; term, 186, 187, 190.
See also
Sunni Islam

‘A’isha, 41 n.11, 138, 140, 167, 176;

Battle of the Camel, 190, 191 ‘Ajiba, Ahmad ibn, 140

Akhbar
(news; reports), 137
Akhbari
(traditionalist) school, 226 Alamut, 234

Alcohol drinking, 168, 204

‘Ali ibn Abu Talib (imam), 213 n.14, 217, 218, 229; Battle of Siffin and,

190–91; Kharijites and, 191, 192; in

Shiite Islam, 188, 192, 217–19, 229,

240; and
Sunna,
127; in Sunni

Islam, 201

‘Ali Zayn al-‘Abidin, 221

Allah
(term), 58

Allahu a’lam
(‘‘God alone knows’’), 40

Allegorical interpretation (
ta’wil
), 154, 167

Almsgiving.
See
Charity Alms Tax.
See Zakat

‘Amal
(‘‘right action’’), 79–80, 83 Ambiguity, of Qur’anic language, 78–

79, 86

American Muslims, 42 n.13, 142–43

Amir al-Mu’minin
(commander of the faithful), 192

A-M-N (root), 33

‘Amr b. al-‘As, 190, 191 Analogical reasoning (
qivas
), 167

Angel(s), 34–35, 39, 101, 120–121

n.2; Guardian, 14, 35

Angel Gabriel, 34–35, 102, 121 n.2;

and Hagar, 28, 31, 35; and Mary,

122 n.18; and Qur’an, 10, 51.
See also
Hadith of the Angel Gabriel

Annunciation, 35, 122 n.18

Ansar
(helpers from Medina), 201 Ansari, ‘Abdallah al-, 258–59

Apostasy, 204; in Kharijite thought, 193, 213 n.13

Apostles of Jesus, 104

‘Aql
(human reason), 149

Arab countries, Islamic law in, 178–79 Al-‘Arabi, Muhyiddin Ibn, 207–8,

265

Arabia, pre-Islamic.
See
Pre-Islamic period

Arabic language, 47, 50, 59, 94 n.19;

triliteral roots, 6, 74, 80–81; verb tenses, 82.
See also
Qur’anic language

Arabic numbers, 94 n.23 Arabic poetry, 57, 59

Arabic religious sciences, 72, 73.
See also
Islamic scholarship

Arabic script, 59, 68–69

Arafat, plain of, 31, 32

Architecture, 68

Articles of Faith.
See
Pillars of Faith Arts, Islamic.
See
Islamic arts

Al-‘As, Sa‘id ibn, 190

Asad, Muhammad, 121 n.5

Ascension (
mi’raj
): of Bayazid, 251; of Muhammad, 14–15

Ascetics.
See
Renunciants; Sufism Al-Ash‘ari, Abu Musa, 191, 208 ‘Ashur, Tahir ibn, 172

‘Ashura,
220

Al-Asma’ wa’l-ahkam
(‘‘the names and the decrees’’), 198

Astarabadi, Muhammad Baqir, 226

At-ta‘arruf li-madhhab ahl al- tasawwuf
(Introducing the Way of the People of Sufism) (Kalabadhi), 257

Awadh, 227

Awareness, spiritual.
See
‘
Ilm

Awliya Allah
(‘‘Friends of God’’), 207, 250, 254, 263–64

Awrangabadi, Jiwanji, 239

Ayat. See
Signs; Verses

Ayat al-ahkam
(legal verses), 152 Azar, 109

Al-Azhar University, 179

‘Azra’il (Angel of Death), 121 n.2 Azraqis, 193, 213 n.13

Index
273

Backbiting, 55, 61 nn.2, 3

Baghdad, Sufism in, 252–55, 256

Banks, 180

Al-Baqillani, Abu Bakr, 203

Al-Baqir, Muhammad, 221, 233

Baqir al-Anwar
(Seas of Light) (Majlisi), 226

Baraka,
263

Basmalla,
67, 69, 70

Basra, 189, 190, 191, 197; Sufism in,

216 n.36, 252, 256

Al-Basri, Hasan, 207, 214 n.20, 216

n.36, 252

Battle of the Camel, 190, 191 Battle of Siffin, 190–91

Battle of Yamama, 212 n.4

Bayan al-Sunna wa’l-Jama‘a
(Tahawi), 208–11

Bayazid al-Bastami, 250–52

The Beauties of Spiritual Sessions

(al-‘Arif), 259

The Beginning of Guidance
(al- Ghazali), 141

Belief(s).
See
Faith; Pillars of Faith Believer: dissident, 204;
fasiq

(malefactor), 199; Murji’a–Khariji

debate, 192–93, 204.
See also
Faith

‘‘The Believers’’ (
Sura
23), 56 Benevolence.
See Ihsan

Bible, 36; Abraham, 109; Ishmael and

Isaac, 111; Moses, 113, 114–115;

Muhammad, 115–116, 122 n.24; and Qur’anic interpretation, 83–84.
See also
Christianity

Bidayat al-hidaya
(The Beginning of Guidance) (al-Ghazali), 141

Bihbahani, Muhammad Baqir, 226 Bilqis, Queen of Sheba, 104 Biographers (
‘ulama’ al-Sira
), 131 Black Stone, 25, 112

Bohras, 238

Bombay, 239

Book-making arts, 69

Buddha, 106

Bukhara, 257

Bukhari (scholar), 133, 134–35, 138

Burda
(Zubayr), 206

Burhan al-Din, Sayydina Muhammad, 238–39

Burujirdi (ayatollah), 228

Buwahid sultans, 224

Cairo, 24, 139, 232

Calendar, lunar, 20–21

Caliphs, 187; Hanbali thought, 200,

201, 202; legitimacy criteria, 192–

93, 197, 201–4; ‘‘rightly guided’’

(
Rashidun
), 202, 213 n.14; in Sunni

Islam, 200, 203–4, 218

Calligraphy, 60, 68, 69

Call to religion (
da‘wa
), 171

Central Asia: Shi‘ism in, 224; Sufism in, 254, 257, 259, 260

Chains of transmission, 132, 133, 134,

136, 194; fabrication, 141

Charity: mandatory (
Zakat
), 17–20, 41

n.6, 53, 54, 168; voluntary

(
Sadaqa
), 18–20

Children, learning of Qur’an, 59–60, 68

Christianity, 10–11, 16, 36, 120, 199–

200; Adam, 108; Angel Gabriel, 34–

35; Jesus, 33–34; Judgment Day, 38; submission, 104.
See also
Bible

Christians, 219, 233 Circumambulation of
Ka‘ba
(
tawaf
),

29, 30, 32

Civil law: based on
Shari‘a,
177, 178– 79;
mu‘amalat,
150, 151

Cleaning, ritual (
wudu’
), 12, 131 Codification stage (of Islamic law), 131 Collective
ijtihad,
178, 179–80

Colonialism, 157, 177, 227

Colors, Qur’anic, 68–69 ‘‘Commanding the good and

forbidding evil,’’ 170, 199, 202 Community: good of (
See Public

interest
); human, Qur’anic concern with, 53; of Muslims (
See Umma
);
Shari‘a
’s interest in, 169

Companions of the Prophet: in Battle of the Camel, 190; era of interpretation by, 176–77;
fatwas
issued by, 135; hierarchy of, 201; on ‘‘inner
Sunna,
’’ 205–6; Shi‘ism and,

274
Index

219; and Sunna, 127–29, 136–38,

176–78, 194, 195, 214 n.19

Compilation stage (of Islamic law), 131

A Concordance of the Qur’an
(Kassis), 74, 80, 84, 94 n.15

Conduct: evaluation by
fiqh,
150; during the
Hajj,
29; legal approaches to, 165; Qur’anic injunctions on, 54–55

Conference of the Birds
(‘Attar), 73 Consensus: juridical (
ijma‘
), 150, 163,

171, 188, 214 n.19; ‘‘Medina,’’ 160

Conservatism, in Islamic scholarship, 156–57

Constitutional law, 151

Constitutions, 229, 235

Contract law, 161, 162, 165

Conversion to Islam, 8, 33

Corruption (
mafsada
), 175 Covenant of God and humanity, 10,

108, 120

Creation: attitude toward, 9–10, 33,

34; as sign of God, 101, 120 n.1

Creed, Sunni, 208–11 Criminal law (
‘uqubat
), 181

‘‘The Criterion’’ (
al-Furqan
), 48, 56,

83

Custom (‘urf;
‘ada
): definitions based on, 128; as legal source, 130, 158,

160, 195–96

Daf‘ al-darar
(prevention of harm), 176

Daily prayers, 10, 13–16, 70, 168

Da‘i Mutlaq
(Supreme Authority), 238

Da‘is
(leaders), Ismaili, 231, 238–39

‘Darani, Abu Sulayman al-, 250, 252
Dariyyat
(essential interests), 175–76 Daudi Bohras, 238

David, Psalms of (
al-Zabur
), 36, 113

Da‘wa,
171, 221, 231

Daylami, Abu’l-Hasan al-, 255 Death, Angel of (‘Azra’il), 121 n.2 Deferral of judgment, doctrine of,

192–93

Definitions, types of, 128 Definitive rulings (
qat‘i
), 153

Desire, fasting and, 22–23 Destiny, 39–41, 198, 199.
See also