Voices of Islam (60 page)

Mutawatir,
152–53

Mu‘tazilis, 197–99, 200, 204, 216 n.36

Al-Muwafaqat fi usul al-Shari‘a
(Accepted Doctrines on the Founda- tions of Shari‘a) (Shatibi), 175

Al-Muwatta’
(The Trodden Path) (Malik), 127, 133, 136, 142, 160

Al-Naba’
(‘‘The Tidings’’;
Sura
78:1- 17), 57–58

Nafs,
206.
See also
Ego

Al-Nafs al-Ammara
(Lower Soul), 22– 23

Al-Nafs al-Lawwama
(Self-Blaming Soul), 22

Al-Nafs al-Mutma’inna
(Soul at Peace), 22

Nahrawan, 191

Na’ini, Muhammad Husayn, 227–28 Najm al-Din Kubra, 265

Nakir (angel), 35, 39

Names: for God, 8, 34, 90; for

Muhammad, 119; for Qur’an, 48, 83 ‘‘Names and the decrees’’ (
al-asma’

wa’l-ahkam
), 198

Nasab
(spiritual lineage), 261
Nasiha
(sincere advice), 170–71
Nass,
222, 240

Natural world, 89.
See also
Creation New Testament, 36

Night Journey, 140

‘‘Night of Power’’ (
Laylat al-Qadr
), 23, 41 n.11

Nishapur, 256

Nizari Ismaili Shi‘ism, 163, 232–38

Noah, 103, 105

‘‘No decision but God’s’’ (
la hukma illa li-llah
), 190–91

Non-Muslim religions, 10, 22, 106,

174.
See also
Abrahamic traditions; Christianity; Judaism

North Africa, 160

Numbers, 81, 94 n.23

Nur,
48

Nurbakhshiyya, 224

Al-Nuri, Abu’l-Husayn, 252, 253, 255

Nusus
(Qur’anic injunctions), 54–55, 149, 153

Obedience, individual, 170 Obligation, to emigrate, in Zaydi

Shi‘ism, 240

Obligatory action (
wajib
), 175 Occultation (
ghayba
), of al-Mahdi,

223–24

OIC (Organization of Islamic Conference), 179

Old Testament, 36.
See also Al-

Tawrat

Oneness of God.
See Tawhid

On Schacht’s Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence
(Azami), 142

‘‘The Opening.’’
See Al-Fatiha

Opinion(s): legal (
See Fatwa(s
)); personal (
ra’y
), 160, 195

Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), 179

‘‘The Origin and Return’’ (
al-mabda’ wa-l-ma‘ad
), 89

The Origins of Islamic Law
(Dutton), 142

The Ornament of God’s Friends and Generations of Pure Ones
(Abu Nu‘aym), 258

Pakistan, 179, 180

Parables, Qur’anic, 90–91

Paradise, 39

Path of Blame, 256

Pentateuch.
See Al-Tawrat
(Torah) ‘‘People of Blame’’ (
Malamatiyya
),

254–55, 256

‘‘People of the Book’’ (
Ahl al-Kitab
), 36, 233

‘‘People of God,’’ 207–8 ‘‘People of the Hadith’’ (
Ahl al-

Hadith
), 132, 195

‘‘People of Remembrance,’’ 237 Permissibility:
halal,
152, 164, 205;

ihaba,
162

Index
283

Personal opinion (
ra’y
), 160, 195

Pets, 130

Pilgrimage: to Mecca, pre-Islamic, 26, 113, 119; in Shiite practice, 230;
‘Umra,
27.
See also Hajj

‘‘The Pilgrimage’’ (
Sura
22), 56

Pillars of Faith, 7, 33–41; angels, 34–

35; Judgment Day, 38–39; oneness

of God, 33–34, 52–53; prophets,

36–38, 53;
qadar,
39–41; sacred

texts, 35–36

Pillars of Islam.
See
Five Pillars of Islam Poetry: and Qur’an, 57, 59, 67; Sufi,

206

‘‘The Poets’’ (
Sura
26), 56 Political thought: Hanbali, 201–4;

individualism of Shari‘a and, 169– 70, 171; Ja‘fari, 222; Khariji, 169–

70, 188–89, 192, 201; in modern

Islam, 204, 212; Murji’a, 192–93,

201; Mu‘tazili theology and, 199,

200; Shiite, 187, 188, 192, 201,

222; Sunni, 187–88, 193, 201–4;

and Sunni-Shi‘a divide, 186–89; and theology, 192–93, 197, 211–12

Polytheism.
See
Idol worship Pragmatism, of
Shari‘a,
168–69 Prayer.
See Salat

Predestination, 39, 41, 198, 199.
See also Qadar

Pre-Islamic period: idol worship, 26, 28; pilgrimage to Mecca, 26, 113,

119; poetry, 57, 59; prophets, 10–

11, 103–4

Prevention of harm (
daf‘ al-darar
), 176

Private life, Qur’an in, 66, 69, 70 Proclamation of faith.
See Shahada
‘‘The Promise and the threat’’ (
al-wa‘d

wa ’l-wa‘id
), 198

Prophetic stage (of Islamic law), 131, 176–77

Prophets, 10–11, 35, 36–38, 53, 101–

20; descent from, in Shiite Islam, 218; elite (
uluw al-azm
), 105; fol- lowers, 104; human diversity and, 107–108; inerrancy (‘
isma
), 37,

105–6; message of, 101–2, 107–8,

119; miracles, 105; number of, 105, 106; outside Abrahamic tradition, 106; pre-Islamic, 10–11, 103–4; Qur’anic stories of, 91; and revelation, 102, 105; sinlessness, 36–

37; as submitters to God, 103–4,

119;
vs.
messengers (
rasul
), 105; women, 106–107; words of, status of, 49.
See also
Abraham; Jesus; Moses; Muhammad

Prostration, 12–13

Psalms of David (
al-Zabur
), 36, 113 Public interest.
See Istislah; Maslaha
Purification, 17, 23, 27–28, 29, 32 Purification Tax.
See Zakat

Qadar
(determination by God), 39–41, 198, 199, 204

Qadi
(jurists), 128, 164, 187

Qajar dynasty, 226, 227–28

Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf, 157, 168

Qasimi dynasty, 242

Qat‘i
rulings, 153

Qibla
(direction of prayer), 16, 172–73
Qivas
(analogical reasoning), 167
Qizilbashi
Shi‘ism, 225

Qom, 224

Qubaysiyyat, 139

Qur’an, 33–34, 36, 47–60, 65–92,

151–52; Abraham in, 109–11; Arabic script of, 68–69; aural encounter of, 66–67; awareness– experience (‘
ilm
–‘
amal
) interplay, 79–80, 83; in Battle of Siffin, 190–

91; as book, 47; on charity, 18, 20, 41 n.6; on Christians and Jews, 120; compilations, 50–51, 189–90, 212 n.4; as created, 199–200; on creation, 33, 101, 120 n.1; as education for individual, 172–73; in English, study of (
See
Qur’anic study in English); in everyday customs, 70; faith as theme, 52–53; genre, 51–52;

God in, 34, 52–53, 58–59, 81–82;

gradualism, 168; on greed, 18, 20,

40; as guidance, 52; Hadith and, 73,

284
Index

153; on the
Hajj,
25, 27–31;

historical context, 49, 57, 75–76;

ihsan
(virtue) in, 34, 84–85, 91;

imagery, 87–88, 89, 90; inerrancy

(‘
isma
), 102; inimitability, 50;

injunctions on conduct, 54–55, 149, 153; invisible world in, 88; Jesus in, 37, 116–19; on Judgment Day, 38–

39; on justice, 173–75; as legal

(
Shari‘a
) source, 51, 149, 151–54, 156; ‘‘literal’’ reading of, 79; in lives of Muslims, 60, 66–73; as Logos (‘‘divine Word’’), 82–83; meaning of term, 47–48, 66; memorization, 70,

77; on messengers, 105;

monotheism in, 9, 52–53; Moses in,

113–15; Muhammad in, 36, 37–38,

127, 219; multiple meanings, 74,

78–79, 80–81; names, 48, 83; names

for God, 8, 34, 90; organization and

structure, 48–49, 51, 55–57, 59, 77–

78, 152; on prayer (
Salat
), 15, 54;

printed, 70, 93 n.8; on prophets, 36,

37, 53, 102–4, 107–8; on prophets’ families, 218; public interest and, 176; and Ramadan, 20, 21–22, 23,

71; ratiocination (
ta’lil
), 167;

recitation of, 13, 66–67, 69, 70–71,

189–90; as revelation, 33–34, 49–

50, 83; revelation to Muhammad,

10, 23, 41 n.11, 47, 49, 75; rituals

and, 54, 69–71; in Shi‘ism, 163;

social concerns, 53, 54; spiritual ‘‘map’’ of, 89; as spiritual mirror, 83, 92; stories, parables, and allusions in, 90; style, 57–60;
Sunna
and, 126–

28, 153, 194; teaching of, 169;

themes, 52–56, 59, 89–91, 151–52;

time in, 82; translation of, 50 (
See also
Qur’an translations); unity of meaning and expression in, 80–81; visual encounter of, 68–69.
See also Sura(s);
Verses

Qur’an chanting (
tajwid
), 60 Qur’anic injunctions (
nusus
), 54–55,

149, 153

Qur’anic interpretation, 59, 71–73, 79,

80, 83–88; Arabic religious sciences

and, 72, 73; intuition in, 80, 83–84;

Islamic humanities and, 72, 73, 85;

legal approaches, 154, 158, 166,

167–68; Sufi, 250.
See also
Qur’anic scholarship; Qur’anic study in English

Qur’anic language: ambiguity, 78–79, 86; audience and narrator terms, 85–

86; coherence, 86–87; dialect, 190;

education in, 68, 93 n.7; imagery,

87–88, 89; multiple meanings, 74,

78–79, 80–81; perspective and voice

shifts, 85; pronouns, 78;

punctuation, 78; study of, 72; style,

57–59, 81; symbolic

correspondences, 78–79, 83, 86–87,

88, 90–91; terms of address, 85–86;

time, 82; transitions, 57; triliteral

roots, 6, 74, 80–81; unity with

meaning, 80–81; verbal, 81–82, 94 n.24

Qur’anic recitation, 13, 66–67, 69, 70–

71

Qur’anic scholarship, 47–48, 49, 60,

79; Arabic religious sciences in, 72, 73; on charity, 19; on Medinan
suras,
76–77, 88;
tafsir,
47, 49, 154, 167.

See also
Islamic scholarship; Qur’anic interpretation

Qur’anic study in English, 65–66, 73–

92; aural encounter of Qur’an, 66–

67; biblical associations, 83–85;

historical contexts, 75–77, 88;

interpretive principles, 83–88;

interpretive traditions, 71–73;

intuition, 83–84; obstacles to, 65–

66, 72, 74, 75–88; order and

structure, 77–78; resources, 74;

spiritual virtues (
ihsan
), 84–85, 91; symbolic nature of Qur’an, 78–79; translations, 65–66, 73–74, 79, 88; unifying themes, 89–91.
See also
Qur’anic language

The Qur’an Interpreted
(Arberry), 74, 79, 88

Qur’an readers, 51, 190, 212 n.4, 252

Index
285

Qur’an rituals, 69–71

Qur’an schools (
maktab
), 68

Qur’an translations, English, 65–66, 73–74, 79, 88

Quraysh
(
Sura
106), 56

Quraysh tribe, 26, 190, 202, 204, 219

Al-Qushayri, Abu’l-Qasim, 207, 259–

60, 262, 265

Qut al-Qulub
(The Sustenance of Hearts) (Makki), 207, 216 n.36, 258

Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya, 250, 252

Raf‘ al-haraj
(removal of hardship), 176

Rahma,
48

Raka‘at
(movements during prayer), 12–13, 15

Ramadan, 20–24; end of, 23–24, 41

n.11; fasting (
Sawm
), 20–24, 54;

Qur’an and, 23, 71; Qur’an on, 20, 21–22; as submission to will of God, 6; timing, 21–22, 23–24

Raqa’iq,
133–34

Rashidun
(‘‘rightly guided’’ caliphs), 202, 213 n.14

Al-Rassi, Qasim ibn Ibrahim, 241

Rasul
(messenger), 105.
See also

Messengers Ratiocination (
ta‘lil
), 167

Rationalism:
Ahl al-Ra’y,
177, 195; in

Hanafi school, 159; Mu‘tazili, 197–

200; in Qur’an, 167; in Shafi‘i

school, 160;
Usili,
226

Ra’y
(personal opinion), 160, 195

Reality: of Qur’an, 82–83, 85; in

Sufism, 207–8, 253–54

Reform,
Shari‘a
and, 156, 168–69,

170, 176–80

Religion (
din
), 7; messengers and, 105

Religious sciences, Arabic, 72, 73 Remembrance.
See Dhikr
‘‘Reminders,’’ 35101

Removal of hardship (
raf‘ al-haraj
), 176

Renunciants, 206, 249–52

Repentance (
tawba
), 198, 250, 254 Revelation (
wahy;
Word of God), 49;

continuity, 107–8; cycle, 108, 109;

Jesus as, 33–34, 116, 199–200;

prophets’ role in, 102, 105; Qur’an

as, 33–34, 49–50; as Reality of Qur’an, 82–83; renunciants and, 250;
Shari‘a
and, 149; Sunni
vs.

Shiite, 163

Revival of the Religious Sciences
(al- Ghazali), 207, 258, 260

Riba
(usury), 165, 180

Rida, Muhammad Rashid, 157, 158

‘‘Right action,’’79–80, 83

‘‘Rightly guided’’ caliphs (
Rashidun
), 202, 213 n.14

Al-Risala
(Qushayri), 207, 259–60,

262

Al-Risala
(Shafi‘i), 126, 128, 131,

142, 160, 196

Ritual(s): cycles, 69–70; as Five Pillars of Islam, 5, 7, 8–33; Qur’anic

recitation in, 69, 70–71; Qur’an on,

54, 172–73; social dimensions, 54,

172–73; Sufi, 254, 262, 263–64,

267 n.16; in
Sunna,
127;
ziyara,
263–64.
See also Hajj; Salat; Sawm; Shahada; Zakat