War of the Whales (68 page)
Authors: Joshua Horwitz
injunction against use of, 303
and lawsuits against Navy, 174–75, 176–77, 180, 287–90, 292–93, 294, 298–303, 352
and Magellan I and II, 171–75
Navy denial of connection to strandings, 131, 147, 153, 284, 301
Navy exemption from federal laws, 307–8
Navy’s planned expansion of, 152, 180, 182, 285, 286–87, 300, 305–6, 307, 352
Navy’s three-part research program for, 374n1
and ocean acoustic tomography, 156–57, 158–64
original purpose of, 153, 154
public opposition to, 152, 165–66, 176–77, 179, 183, 285, 306
LSD, 207–8
Lynnann,
whale-tagging expedition on, 40–41, 217
whale-tagging expedition on, 40–41, 217
macaque monkeys, brain studies of, 203–4
MacArthur, Douglas, 94
Madagascar, melon-headed whales stranded on (2008), 351
Madeira, whale strandings in (2000), 254, 256
Magellan, Ferdinand, 174
Magellan I, 171, 176–77
Magellan II, 169, 170–75
Mahan, Alfred, 46
Majestic Eagle strandings (2004), 308, 314
Majors, Lee, 240
Mariana Islands, marine protected area of, 306,
322
322
marine acoustics, 103–4, 134
Marineland, 200–202, 204, 234–35
Marineland Carnival,
201
201
Marineland of the Pacific, 202
Marine Mammal Commission, 162, 218, 252
marine mammalogy:
field researchers in, 66–67
MARMAM Listserv in, 66–67
Navy research program in, 16–17
pinniped branch of, 16
research in, 16, 162
as scientific discipline, 208, 209
at UC Santa Cruz, 15–16
Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972), 226
Fisheries responsibilities under, 69, 116, 216
fishing interests conflicting with, 69
harassment coverage under, 288, 302
“harm or harass” defined by, 74, 116
Marine Mammal Commission as watchdog agency for, 162
Navy exemptions from, 75, 307, 320, 322
precautionary principle codified in, 122, 149, 166, 288
UMEs defined by, 70
underfunding of, 69
violations of, 172, 301–3, 352n
whale census required by, 212
and wild-captured orcas, 216
Marine Mammal Protection Project, NRDC, 81, 87, 350
MARMAM:
Acoustic Thermometry posting on, 165
Balcomb’s posting on, 66–67, 81, 98, 111
Mead’s posting on, 255, 256
official responses to, 72–73
strandings posted on, 72, 252, 253
Martin, David, 245–46, 270
Martin, Ricky, 139
Massachusetts General Hospital, whale heads examined in, 188–92
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 49, 141
May, Brian, 286
McBride, Arthur, 201
McCain, John, 143, 341
McCarthy, Cormac,
Of Whales and Men,
195
Of Whales and Men,
195
McNally, Patrick, 284
McVay, Hella, 225
McVay, Scott, 226
“The Last of the Great Whales,” 224–25
Mead, Jim:
and Cuvier’s beaked whales, 7, 103
“Historical Mass Mortalities of Ziphiids,” 252–53, 254–55, 256, 299
and necropsies, 221
professional reputation of, 252, 253–54
and Smithsonian, 250–54
melon-headed whales:
panicked in Kauai during Navy exercises (2004), 308, 319, 339
stranded on Madagascar (2008), 351
Mexico:
environmental protection absent in, 93
grassroots support in, 97
and Mitsubishi, 94, 95, 97
MGM, 207
midfrequency sonar lawsuit (2006), 317–47
decision to sue, 315–16, 319, 321
discovery motions, 318, 345
dissenting opinion in, 343
endgame, 341–47
exemption issued to Navy, 326
female judges standing up to US Navy, 343
and future battle lines, 345–46
majority opinion in, 342, 345, 347
and national security, 323–24, 326, 334, 338, 339, 342
Navy actions off California coast, 321–22
Navy proceeding without safeguards, 321–22
and
NRDC v. Winter,
328, 330–34, 336–40, 382–83n3
NRDC v. Winter,
328, 330–34, 336–40, 382–83n3
oral arguments, 336–40
and Pacific Fleet exercises, 319–23
politics dictating results in, 345
preliminary injunction against Navy, 322, 324, 327, 342
preliminary settlements in, 319–21
and the president, 347
public interest ruling of, 343
and right of judicial review, 326
and separation of powers, 326–27
settlement negotiations in, 345–47
Supreme Court appeal, 327–28
as war of attrition, 321–22
White House strategy meeting, 325–27
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 307
mining, threats to environment from, 349–50
minke whales:
migration of, 344
panicked by Navy sonar (2003), 309
stranded (2000), 13, 18
Mitsubishi Corporation:
consumer boycott of, 96–97
saltworks planned by, 93–97
Mitsubishi Group, 94
Mitsubishi Trust, 93
Moby Doll (orca), 212, 214
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 165, 167
Morgan (pilot whale), 237–38
Morgan, J. P., 60
Morrison & Foerster, 287, 293, 295–96
Mothers for Peace, 85, 368n1
Mullen, Mike, 317–18, 323
Munk, Walter, 154–61, 202–3
and Acoustic Thermometry, 164–69, 171, 175, 373n14
and acoustic tomography, 156–57
and climate change, 157, 167
in Cold War, 155–56
and Heard Island, 158–61,
159,
163, 166–67, 372n13
159,
163, 166–67, 372n13
and the Jasons, 155–57, 314
and Magellan II, 169, 170, 173
and Navy research, 232, 314, 372–73n13
and Pittenger, 157–61, 171
and sonar causation of mass beachings, 314
“wind-driven gyres” of, 155, 370n5
in World War II, 154–55
Namu (orca), 214–15
Namu Inc., 215–16, 237
Namu the Killer Whale
(movie), 215
(movie), 215
Nancy’s Restaurant, marine mammal bodies stored in freezer of, 23, 32
Nantucket Island, sperm whale stranded on, 102–3
Narwhal (
Monodon monoceras
),
210
Monodon monoceras
),
210
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 206, 234
Nassau Tribune,
100
100
National Aquarium, Baltimore, 104
National Environmental Policy Act, 172, 301–2, 320, 322, 325–26, 382n1
National Geographic,
225
225
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 39, 203–4
National Marine Fisheries Service,
see
Fisheries
see
Fisheries
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
see
NOAA
see
NOAA
National Research Council, 314
National Science Foundation, 161, 206, 208
National Stranding Response Network, 70
NATO:
and Bosnian Civil War, 138
naval exercises of, 18
and other “unusual” strandings, 72
and US Navy, 138
and whale strandings in Canaries, 71, 72, 293–94, 308
and whale strandings in Greece (1996), 18, 71–72, 111, 178
and whale strandings in Madeira (2000), 254
Natter, Robert, 137, 138, 139–40, 147
Natural Resources Defense Council,
see
NRDC
see
NRDC
Nature,
178, 252
178, 252
Naval Research Lab, 141
Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 19
Navy, US,
see
US Navy
see
US Navy
Nelson, Cal, 35
Newman, Murray, 212, 214, 227
New York Times,
242, 293, 331
242, 293, 331
New York Zoological Society, 225
Nichols, George, 60
Nichols, Mike, 239
Nishiwaki, Masaharu, 40, 41
Nixon, Richard M., 120, 147
NOAA:
and administration change, 346
and climate change, 160
and Fisheries, 162–63, 284
and Heard Island, 161
and noise pollution in oceans, 372n13
and public relations, 267
and White House strategy meeting, 325
Noise Pollution and Abatement Act (1972), 287–88
Norfolk, Virginia, Fleet Cammand in, 131, 140
Norris, Kenneth, 202, 256–57, 264, 379n1
North Atlantic gray whales, hunted to extinction, 92
North Atlantic right whales:
as endangered species, 77
migration of, 76
ship collisions with, 76–77
Northern Bottle-nosed Dolphin (
Tursipos truncatus
),
307
Tursipos truncatus
),
307
northern bottlenose whales:
(
Hyperoödon rostratus
),
126
Hyperoödon rostratus
),
126
of Nova Scotia, 63
Northern Right-Whale Dolphin (
Lissodelphis borealis
), 269
Lissodelphis borealis
), 269
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, 320
NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council), 81–83
and Acoustic Thermometry, 167–68
and Bahamas stranding, 97–99, 151, 283, 285–90
beginnings of, 82
corporate polluters targeted by, 82–83, 375n4
critics of, 321
environmental campaigns of, 95–97, 307–8
and environmental law, 82–83, 287, 327
and Fisheries, 172, 352
Freedom of Information Act lawsuit filed by, 308
funding sources of, 96
and future actions, 343, 345
and Humane Society, 114–15
and lawsuits against Navy, 287–90, 292–93, 304, 308, 314, 315–16, 321–23, 352, 382n2
and Magellan II, 171, 174–75
Marine Mammal Protection Project, 81, 87, 350
media attention to, 96, 151, 287, 308, 321, 331
and midfrequency sonar lawsuit, 318, 319–24
mission of, 286
and Mitsubishi, 93–97
and Navy, 98, 113–16, 121–25, 136, 149, 172–73, 177, 285–90, 313–16, 320–23, 326–28, 346, 351–52
NRDC v. Winter,
328, 330–34, 336–40, 342–45
328, 330–34, 336–40, 342–45
and nuclear nonproliferation project, 167
and Office Depot, 177
and Patriot Act, 285
and press conferences, 222, 231, 343
recruiting partners, 307–8
reputation of, 177
and RIMPAC lawsuit, 382n2
and Scripps, 168–69
and settlement mediation, 303–6, 320–21, 324
and sonar hearing (2002), 297–306
Sounding the Depths,
179–80
179–80
staffing of, 87–88
and Vieques dumping, 139
whale issues in, 87, 88, 176
NRDC v. Winter,
328, 330–34, 336–40, 342–45
328, 330–34, 336–40, 342–45
nuclear bomb tests, 227
Obama, Barack, 341, 345, 347
Ocean Beach, Tasmania, mass strandings on, 69
Ocean Bird,
91
91
Ocean Futures Society, 315, 382n2
oceans:
acoustic tomography in, 156–57, 158, 161
and climate change, 157, 158, 160, 161
Cold War research in, 17, 155–56,
156,
365n3
156,
365n3
control of, 46
“death by debris,” 168
detonating explosives in, 48, 288
hydrostatic pressure in, 28, 31
industrial shipping in, 179, 180
inner space of, 234–35
internal wave gradients of, 159
midnight zone of, 26
Navy demand for unlimited access to, 287, 289, 300, 304–6, 351–52
pollution of, 168, 288, 350
ripples on, 370n5
sea battles in war, 198
sonogram of, 161
sound pressure waves in, 171–72, 179, 277–78, 288–89, 350;
see also
sonar
see also
sonar
storms and waves, 369–70n3
sunlight zone of, 26
temperature of, 157, 158, 159
twilight zone of, 26
underwater sound in, 48–49, 179–80, 193, 350
underwater storm systems, 154–55,
156
156
Office Depot, 177
Office of Naval Research (ONR), 14–19
and acoustic research, 366–67n9, 367n10
and Acoustic Thermometry, 166, 373n14
and active sonar, 153–54
animal behavior research, 199, 201–2
and Bahamas investigation, 74–75, 81, 98, 231
and Bahamas strandings, 152
budget of, 74
and climate change, 162
and
Cory Chouest,
160, 162, 373n15
Cory Chouest,
160, 162, 373n15
creation of, 17
dolphin research of, 201–2, 206–7
Environmental Impact Statement, 174–75
Fisheries permits issued to, 98, 147, 162, 175, 305
and Gaffney, 140–42, 147, 151, 265
and Gisiner, 14, 16, 17, 131
and Heard Island, 161–62, 372n13
inappropriate collaboration on permits, 305, 306
Littoral Warfare tests, 141
and Magellan II, 174–75
marine mammal division, 17, 138
and media stories, 130–33
oceanographic research in, 17, 244
plausible deniability of, 150
size and scope of, 17, 74
sonobuoy testing by, 107, 141, 150
and SOSUS, 49, 153
study of sonar impact on whales, 175, 346, 350
tagging expeditions funded by, 312–13
weapons testing by, 113–14, 141
and Whales ’93, 367n10, 373n15
and whale strandings in Greece (1996), 18, 147
and Woods Hole labs, 49, 71
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