Warrior Queens: Boadicea's Chariot (60 page)

4
See Fuentes, Nicholas, ‘Boudicca re-visited’,
London Archaeologist
, Vol. 4, no. 12 (1983); Webster, Graham, ‘The Site of Boudica’s Last Battle: A Comment’, and Nicholas Fuentes’ response to Graham Webster,
London Archaeologist
, Vol. 4, no. 15 (1984).

5
See Webster, ‘The Site’ (VII–4).

6
Spence, Lewis,
Boadicea: Warrior Queen of the Britons
(1937), p. 248.

7
See Fuentes (VII–4).

8
See
Transactions of the Birmingham Archaeological Society
(Oxford), Vol. 79 (1964), pp. 117–20 for Adrian Oswald on coins and an earthen-work from Mancetter; Vol. 84 (1971), pp. 18–44 for evidence of a first-century ditch; Vol. 85 (1973), pp. 211–13 for possible importance of the site in association with the great revolt of
AD
60; Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 111; Webster (I–3), p. 97 and fig. 5, p. 98. Other sources: Frere (IV–15), p. 107, ‘reasonable guesses’ have placed the site close to Watling Street, north-west of Towcester or near Mancetter; Salway (IV–7), p. 120: ‘somewhere in the Midlands’, Todd (II–8), p. 91: ‘may not have been far to the north-west of Verulamium’.

9
Salway (IV–7), p. 77.

10
See Webster,
Army
(VII–3), pp. 122–32.

11
The Tragedie of Bonduca
in
Comedies and Tragedies written by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, Gentlemen
… (1647), Act v, scene iv.

12
Bolton, Edmund, cit. Piggott (IV–9), p. 136; Jones, Inigo,
The Most Notable Antiquity of Great Britain, Vulgarly called Stone-Heng, on Salisbury Plain Restored
(2nd edn 1725), pp. 34–5.

13
Scott, J. M.,
Boadicea
(1975), pp. 31f.; Spence (VII–5), p. 260;
The Times
, 23 February 1988; Nicholas fuentes, letter to
The Times
, 27 February 1988 thought Platform 8 – ‘who knows’ – not impossible.

14
Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 39.

15
Tacitus,
Agricola
(IV–33), p. 67; Tacitus (III–1), p. 331; Bulst (v–2), p. 506; Overbeck (v–27), pp. 141–2.

16
Bulst (v–2), p. 506; Clarke (IV–9), p. 114.

17
Clarke (IV–9), p. 114; Bulst (v–2), p. 506 and note 80; Tacitus,
Agricola
(IV–33), p. 81.

18
Todd (II–8), p. 91; Salway (IV–7), Appendix IV, p. 751.

19
Cit. Nieng Cheng,
Life and Death in Shanghai
(1986), p. 203.

Chapter 8: O Zenobia!

1
Historia Augusta
(v–5), III, p. 247; Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 83.

2
See Février, J. G.,
Essai sur l’histoire politique et économique de Palmyre
(Paris 1931); Tlass, Moustapha,
Zénobie Reine de Palmyre: Oeuvre adaptée en français par Athanase Vantchev de Thracy
(Damascus 1986),
passim
.

3
I.e. Oliver Cromwell in seventeenth-century England, Fraser (VI–22), p. 564; Février, J. G.,
La Religion des Palmyréniens
(Paris 1931), p. 222.

4
Cameron, Alan, ‘The Date of Porphyry’s KATA KRISTIANON’,
Classical Quarterly
, XVII (1967), pp. 382–4.

5
Historia Augusta
(v–5), III, p. 135.

6
See Abbott, Nabia, ‘Pre-Islamic Arab Queens’,
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature
, Vol. LVIII (1941), pp. 1–22.

7
Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 150.

8
Abbott, Nabia, ‘Women and the State on the Eve of Islam’,
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature
, Vol. LVIII (1941), pp. 269–78; Abbott,
Aishah
(I–11), p. x.

9
Abbott, ‘Women’ (VIII–8), p. 262; Beard, Mary R.,
Women as Force in History: A Study in Traditions and Realities
(New York 1946), p. 290; Clayton, Ellen C.,
Female Warriors: Memorials of Female Valour and Heroism, from the Mythological Ages to the Present Era
, 2 vols (1879), Vol. I, p. 88.

10
Février (VIII–2), pp. 59–62; Fedden, Robin,
Syria: An Historical Appreciation
(revised edn 1956), p. 87.

11
Février,
Religion
(VIII–3), p. 235.

12
The History of Count Zosimus, Sometime Advocate and Chancellor of the Roman Empire
(1814), pp. 21f.; Février (VIII–2), p. 75.

13
Février (VIII–2), p. 85;
Historia Augusta
(v–5), III, p. 104 note I.

14
See
Historia Augusta
(v–5), III, pp. 135f., but nothing is known of the various authors to whom the biographies are attributed: see
Oxford Companion to Classical Literature
, compiled by Sir Paul Harvey (Oxford 1984), p. 210.

15
Historia Augusta
(v–5), III, pp. 135–43 for ‘Trebellius Pollio’s’ description of Zenobia.

16
Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 302 and note 62; Boccaccio (I–19), p. 226; Jonson (I–2).

17
Historia Augusta
(v–5), III, p. 109, for theory of Zenobia’s conspiracy; Février (VIII–2), p. 90 believes in the possibility of Zenobia’s guilt only because Herodianus’ death helped her; a modern Arab writer, Moustapha Tlass (VIII–2), describes the accusations as ‘gratuitous’, since there is no proof of her complicity; Abbott, ‘Queens’ (VIII–6), p. 13 for Roman guilt.

18
Historia Augusta
(v–5), III, p. 135;
Cambridge Ancient History
, Vol. XII (Cambridge 1939), p. 302.

19
Février,
Religion
(VIII–3), p. 241;
Cambridge Ancient History
(VIII–18), XII, p. 302.

20
Février (VIII–2), pp. 113–14;
Cambridge Ancient History
(VIII–18), XII, p. 302.

21
Février (VIII–2), p. 103.

22
Mommsen, Theodor,
The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to Diocletian
, Vol. II (1909), pp. 106–7 note 5.

23
Zosimus (VIII–12), p. 29.

24
Zosimus (VIII–12), pp. 25f.

25
Historia Augusta
(v–5), III, pp. 243–4; Zosimus (VIII–12), p. 25.

26
Zosimus (VIII–12), p. 27; although the exchanges may well, of course, be fictional.

27
Cambridge Ancient History
(VIII–18), XII, p. 306.

28
Historia Augusta
(v–5), III, p. 137.

29
Zosimus (VIII–12), p. 29;
Historia Augusta
(v–5), III, p. 249.

30
Gibbon (I–9), i, pp. 311–12;
Historia Augusta
(v–5), III, pp. 141, 259;
Cambridge Ancient History
(VIII–18), XII, p. 305 note I: ‘Zosimus should be rejected’.

31
Perceval, A. P. Caussin de,
Essai sur l’histoire des Arabes avant l’Islamisme, pendant l’époque de Mahomet
…, Vol. II (Paris 1897), pp. 30 note 4, 192–8; Abbott, ‘Queens’ (VIII–6), p. 13.

32
Mommsen (VIII–22), p. 110; Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 308.

33
See Tlass (VIII–2), p. 169 note 1 for another Queen Al-Zabba, part of the royal family of Al-Hyra, sometimes confused with Zenobia.

34
Zénobie
by Assi and Mansour Al-Rahbani, cit. Tlass (VIII–2), pp.254–60.

35
Zenobia: A Tragedy
, ‘As it is performed at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. By the Author of the Orphan of China [Arthur Murphy]’ (1768).

Chapter 9: Matilda, Daughter of Peter

1
The ‘Epistolae Vagantes’ of Pope Gregory VII
, edited and translated by H. E. J. Cowdrey (Oxford 1972), p. 13.

2
Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 115.

3
Cit. Briey, Comte Renaud de,
Mathilde, Duchesse de Toscane, Comtesse de Briey, Fondatrice de l’Abbaye d’Orval (1046–1115): Une Jeanne d’Arc Italienne
(Brussels 1934), p. 50.

4
See Overmann, A.,
Gräfin Mathilde von Tuscien
(Innsbruck 1895) for
Regesta
of her life pp. 123–90; also Tondelli, Leone,
Matilda di Canossa – profile storico
(3rd edn Reggio 1969); Duff (I–21), for biographical details.

5
Vedriani and Paluda, cit. Duff (I–21), p. 77; Tondelli (IX–4), pp. 30–1.

6
Huddy (v–5), p. 104.

7
See Colucci, G.,
Un nuovo poema latina dello IX secolo
(Rome 1895), pp. 132–3.

8
Villani, Giovanni,
Istorie Fiorentine
, Vol. I (Milan 1802), pp. 201f.

9
Tondelli (IX–4), pp. 5, 144–5; Schevill, Ferdinand,
History of Florence from the Founding of the City through the Renaissance
(New York 1961), p. 54.

10
Erra, C. A.,
Memorie storico-critiche della gran contessa Matilda
(Rome 1768), p. xiii.

11
Dante,
De Monarchia
, translated by P. H. Wicksteed, Book III (1896), pp. 277–8.

12
Cit. Duff (I–21), p. 91.

13
Tondelli (IX–4), pp. 30–1.

14
Cit. Duff (I–21), p. 127.

15
Cit. Briey (IX–3), p. 53.

16
See Gregory VII,
Epistolae
(IX–1)
passim
and biographies of Matilda, esp. Briey (IX–3), Duff (I–21) and Tondelli (IX–4).

17
Briey (IX–3), p. 56.

18
Donizo’s
Vita Comitissae Mathildis
– in two books of Latin verse – is the principal souce for events at Canossa (1734) BL: 12 f.6; see also the latest Italian translation by G. Marzi and V. Bellocchi (Modena 1970).

19
Gregory VII’s letter in Duff (I–21), Appendix D pp. 290–1.

20
Donizo, 1, 2, v. 203 cit. Briey (IX–3), p. 127.

21
Cit. Briey (IX–3), p. 151.

22
Schenetti, Matteo, ‘La vittoria de Matilde di Canossa su Arrigo IV’,
Studi Matildici
, Reggio 7–9 ottobre 1972 (Modena 1978), pp. 238–9.

23
Cit. Duff (I–21), p. 204.

24
Schevill (IX–9), pp. 58f.

25
See Rough, Robert H.,
The Reformist Illuminations in the Gospels of Matilda Countess of Tuscany: A Study in the Art of the Age of Gregory VII
(The Hague 1973).

26
Inscriptions given in Duff (I–21), pp. 275–6.

27
Cit. Stephan, Rt. Hon. Sir James,
Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography
, Vol. I (1907), pp. 35f.

28
The Vision of Purgatory and Paradise
by Dante Alighieri, translated by Rev. H. F. Cary (1893), Cantos XXVIII, XIX, XXXI and XXXII, and p. 120 note 1. Tasso’s
Jerusalem Delivered
, translated by Edward Fairfax, The Carisbrooke Library, Vol. VII (1890), Book XVII, p. 352.

29
Nencioni, G.,
Matilde di Canossa
(Milan 1937), p. 190.

30
Tondelli (IX–4), Preface.

Chapter 10: England’s Domina

1
For the Empress Maud see
Dictionary of National Biography
entry by Kate Norgate (1908–9); Onslow, the Earl of,
The Empress Maud
(1939) and Pain, Nesta,
Empress Matilda: Uncrowned Queen of England
(1978); for the period generally, Chibnall, Marjorie,
Anglo-Norman England, 1066–1166
(Oxford 1986) is the principal source.

2
DNB
(x–1).

3
The Works of Gildas, in Six Old English Chronicles
, edited by J. A. Giles (1878), p. 301.

4
See Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 114.

5
Ruskin,
Mornings in Florence
, cit. Purdie, Edna,
The Story of Judith in German and English Literature
(Paris 1927).

6
William of Malmesbury, The History of the Kings of England
…, Vol. III, Part I (The Church Historians of England 1854), p. 109.

7
Judith
, edited by B. J. Timmer (1966), p. 7.

8
Anglo-Saxon Poetry
, selected and translated by Professor R. K. Gordon (revised edn 1954), pp. 320–6.

9
See Chibnall (X–1), pp. 83–5.

10
Cit. Chibnall (X–1), p. 67 note 33.

11
The Idea of a perfect Princesse, in The Life of St Margaret Queen of Scotland. With Elogiums on her children David and Mathilda Queen of England. Now englished
(Paris 1661).