Read When Computers Were Human Online
Authors: David Alan Grier
Aspray, William, and Michael Gunderloy, “Early Computing and Numerical Analysis at the National Bureau of Standards,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
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IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
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Astin, Allen V., Oral History, Columbia University Oral History Project.
Atanasoff, John V., “Advent of Electronic Digital Computing,”
Annals of the History of Computing
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Atanasoff, John V., “Computing Machine for the Solution of Large Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations” (unpublished memorandum, 1940), in Randell, pp. 315â35.
Atanasoff, J. V., and A. E. Brandt, “Application of Punched Card Equipment to the Analysis of Complex Spectra,”
Journal of the Optical Society of America
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Austrian, Geoffrey,
Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing
, New York, Columbia University Press, 1982.
Babbage, Charles,
Economy of Machinery and Manufactures
, London, Charles Knight, 1835.
Babbage, Charles,
History of the Invention of the Calculating Engines
, Buxton Papers, Oxford Science Museum, p. 10, quoted in Hyman, p. 49.
Babbage, Charles,
Passages from the Life of a Philosopher
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Bacon, Margaret Hope,
Mothers of Feminism: The Story of Quaker Women in America
, San Francisco, Calif., Harper & Row, 1986.
Baehne, George W., ed.,
Practical Applications of the Punched Card Method in Colleges and Universities
, New York, Columbia University Press, 1935.
Baily, Francis, “On Mr. Babbage's New Machine for Calculating and Printing Mathematical and Astronomical Tables” (1823), in Bromley, pp. 225â35.
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Statistical Papers in Honors of George W. Snedecor
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Barker, Thomas, “Extract of a Letter of Thomas Barker, esq., To the Reverend James Bradley DD, Astronomer Royal and FRS concerning the Return of the Comet Expected in 1757 or 1758,”
Philosophical Transactions (1683â1775)
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Barlow, Peter,
Barlow's Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots and Reciprocals of All Integer Numbers up to 12,500
, Brooklyn, Chemical Publishing, 1941.
Bartky, Ian,
Selling the True Time
, Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 2000.
Bashe, Charles J., L. R. Johnson, J. H. Palmer, and Emerson Pugh,
IBM's Early Computers
, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1986, pp. 68â72.
Baxter, James Phinney, III,
Scientists against Time
, Boston, Little, Brown, 1946.
Beauclair, Wilfried de, “Alwin Walther, IPM, and the Development of Calkulator/Computer Technology in Germany, 1930â1945,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 8, no. 4, October 1986, pp. 334â50.
Beckenbach, E. F., and W. Walter, eds.,
General Inequalities 3, Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on General Inequalities, Oberwolfach, April 26âMay 2, 1981
, Basel, Birkhäuser Verlag, 1983.
Benedict, Murray, “Development of Agricultural Statistics in the Bureau of the Census,”
Journal of Farm Economics
, vol. 21, no. 4, November 1939, pp. 735â60.
Beninger, James,
The Control Revolution
, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1986.
Bergin, Thomas, ed.,
Fifty Years of Army Computing
, Army Research Laboratory, 2000.
Bernstein, Jeremy, “Profiles (Hans Bethe Part I),”
New Yorker
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Bernstein, Peter,
Against the Gods
, New York, John Wiley, 1996.
Bethe, Hans A., “Energy Production in Stars,”
Physical Review
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Bethe, Hans A., and C. L. Critchfield, “The Formation of Deuterons by Proton Combination,”
Physical Review
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Betts, Jonathan,
Harrison
, London, National Maritime Museum, 1993.
“Biography for Gertrude Blanch, Federal Woman's Award” (n.d.), LBJ.
Blanch, Gertrude, interview with Michael Stern, approximately 1989, STERN.
Blanch, Gertrude, interview by Henry Thatcher in San Diego, March 17, 1989, STERN.
Blanch, Gertrude, interview with Henry Tropp, May 16, 1973, SMITHSONIAN.
Blanch, Gertrude,
Properties of the Veneroni Transformation in S
4
, PhD diss., 1934, Cornell University Mathematics Department Library.
Blanch, G., A. N. Lowan, R. E. Marshak, and H. A. Bethe, “The Internal Temperature Density Distribution of the Sun,”
Journal of Astrophysics
, 1942, pp. 37â45.
Blanch, Gertrude, and Ida Rhodes, “Table-Making at the National Bureau of Standards,” in Scaife, pp. 1â6.
Bliss, Gilbert,
Mathematics for Exterior Ballistics
, New York, John Wiley, 1944.
Bloch, Richard, “Programming Mark I,” in Cohen and Welch, pp. 77â110.
“Boston Woman Is Rated Insurance Expert Deluxe,”
Boston Traveler
, December 10, 1935.
Bradley, Margaret,
A Career Biography of Gaspard Clair François Marie Riche de Prony, Bridget-Builder, Educator and Scientist
, Lewiston, N.Y., Edwin Mellen Press, 1998.
Brandt, A. E., “Uses of the Progressive Digit Method,” in Baehne, pp. 423â36.
Braverman, Harry,
Labor and Monopoly Capital
, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1974.
Brennan, Jean Ford,
The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A History
, New York, IBM, 1971.
Bromley, Allan, ed.,
Babbage's Calculating Engines
, Los Angeles, Computer Society Press, 1982.
Broughton, Peter, “The First Predicted Return of Comet Halley,”
Journal of the History of Astronomy
, vol. 16, 1985, pp. 123â33.
Brown, Ernest W.,
The Motion of the Moon
, Edinburgh, Neill & Co., 1933.
Bryan, William, “The Life of the Professor,”
National Association of State Universities in the United States Transactions and Proceedings
, 1912, pp. 32â33.
Burks, Alice R.,
Who Invented the Computer?
Amherst, N.Y., Prometheus Books, 2003.
Burks, Alice R., and Arthur Burks,
The First Electronic Computer: The John Atanasoff Story
, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1988.
Burks, Arthur, interview conducted by William Aspray, June 20, 1987, OH 136, CBI.
Burns, James MacGregor,
The Lion and the Fox
, New York, Harcourt & Brace, 1956.
Bush, Vannevar, “The Differential Analyzer: A New Machine for Solving Differential Equations,”
Journal of the Franklin Institute
, vol. 212, 1931, pp. 447â88.
Byerly, W. E., “Reminiscences,” in Cohen (1980), pp. 5â7.
Campbell, Robert, “Mark II, an Improved Mark I,” in Cohen and Welch, pp. 111â28.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin, and WilliamAspray,
Computer
, New York, Basic Books, 1996.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin, Mary Croarken, Raymond Flood, and Eleanor Robson, eds.,
The History of Mathematical Tables: From Sumer to Spreadsheets
, Oxford, U.K., Oxford University Press, 2003.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin, and Michael Williams,
The Moore School Lectures
, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1985.
Cannon, Susan F.,
Science and Culture: The Early Victorian Period
, New York, Science History Publications, 1978.
Cardwell, Donald,
The Norton History of Technology
, New York, W. W. Norton, 1995.
Carter, Mary Sue, Phyllis Cook, and Brian Luzum, “The Contributions of Women to the Nautical Almanac Office: The First 150 Years,” in Fiala and Dick, pp. 165â77.
Casson, Herbert N.,
The History of the Telephone
, 1910, reprint Freeport, N.Y., Books for Libraries Press, 1971.
Cave, Beatrice, and Karl Pearson, “Numerical Illustrations of the Variate Difference Correlation Method,”
Biometrika
, vol. 10, nos. 2/3, November 1914, pp. 340â55.
Cave-Browne-Cave, Frances, “On the Influence of the Time Factor on the Correlation between Barometric Heights at Stations More than 1000 Miles Apart,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
, vol. 74, 1904â5, pp. 403â13.
Cave-Browne-Cave, Frances, and Karl Pearson, “On the Correlation between the Barometric Height at Stations on the Eastern Side of the Atlantic,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
, vol. 70, 1902, pp. 465â70.
Ceruzzi, Paul,
A History of Modern Computing
, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1999.
Ceruzzi, Paul,
Reckoners: The Prehistory of the Digital Computer, from Relays to the Stored Program Concept, 1935â1945
, Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1983.
Ceruzzi, Paul, “When Computers Were Human,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 13, no. 3, 1991, pp. 237â44.
Cesareo, O., “The Relay Interpolator,” in Randell, pp. 247â52.
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr.,
Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism
, Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999.
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr.,
The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
, Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977.
Chapman, Allan, “Sir George Airy (1801â1892) and the Concept of International Standards in Science, Timekeeping and Navigation,”
Vistas in Astronomy
, vol. 28, 1985, pp. 321â28.
Christ, Carl, “History of the Cowles Commission, 1932â52,” in
Economic Theory and Measurement: A Twenty Year Research Report
, Chicago, Cowles Commission, 1952, pp. 3â65.
Christman, Albert,
Sailors, Scientists and Rockets
, Washington, D.C., Naval History Center, 1971.
“Clara Froelich,”
The Reporter
, August 1953, p. 22, ATT.
Clem, Mary, “Interview with Mary Clem by Uta Merzbach,” June 27, 1969, SMITHSONIAN.
Cochrane, Rexmond,
Measures for Progress
, Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1966.
Cochrane, Rexmond,
The National Academy of Sciences
, Washington, D.C., National Academy of Sciences, 1978.
Cohen, I. Bernard, ed.,
Benjamin Peirce, “Father of Pure Mathematics in America,”
New York, Arno Press, 1980.
Cohen, I. Bernard,
Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer
, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1999.
Cohen, I. Bernard, and Gregory Welch, eds.,
Makin' Numbers: Howard Aiken and the Computer
, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1999.
Cole, Margaret,
Growing Up into Revolution
, London, Longmans, Green, 1949.
Collins, V. Lansing,
Princeton in the World War
, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1932.
Comrie, L. J. “The Application of the Hollerith Tabulating Machine to Brown's Tables of the Moon,”
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
, vol. 92, May 1932, pp. 694â706.
Comrie, L. J., “The Applications of Calculating Machines to Astronomical Computing,”
Popular Astronomy
, vol. 33, 1925, pp. 243â46.
Comrie, L. J., “Careers for Girls,”
Mathematical Gazette
, vol. 23, 1944, pp. 90â95.
Comrie, L. J., “Inverse Interpolation and Scientific Applications of the National Accounting Machine,”
Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
, vol. 3, no. 2, 1936, pp. 87â114.
Comrie, L. J.,
Scientific Computing Service Limited: A Description of Its Activities, Equipment and Staff
, 1938.
Comrie, L. J., “Tables of Higher Functions,” Mathematical Gazette, vol. 20, 1936, pp. 225â27.
Conrad, Joseph,
The Secret Agent
(1907), Project Gutenberg, 1997,
ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext97/agent10.txt
.
Cook, Alan,
Edmond Halley: Charting the Heavens and the Seas
, New York, Oxford University Press, 1998.
Cortada, James,
Before the Computer
, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1993.
Cowell, P. H., and A. C. D. Crommelin,
The Return of Halley's Comet in 1910
, Von der Astronomischen gesellschaft mit dem von herrn A. F. Lindemann
gestifteten preise gekrönte und veröffentlichte preisschrift, Leipzig, W. Engelmann (Publikation der Astronomischen gesellschaft XXIII), 1910.
Cowles, Alfred, “Can Stock Market Forecasters Forecast?”
Econometrica
, vol. 1, no. 3, July 1933, pp. 309â24.
Cowles Commission for Economic Research,
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Cox, Gertrude, and Paul Homeyer, “Professional and Personal Glimpses of George W. Snedecor,”
Biometrics
, vol. 31, June 1975, pp. 265â301.
Craven, Wesley Frank, and James Lea Gate,
The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume 3, Europe: Argument to V-E Day, January 1944 to May 1945
, Washington, D.C., Office of Air Force History, 1983.
Croarken, Mary, “Astronomical Labourers: Maskelyne's Assistants at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1765â1811,”
Notes and Records of the Royal Society
, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 285â98.