When Computers Were Human (76 page)

calculus,
1
,
2
,
5
,
6
,
8
,
12
–
16
,
26
,
27
,
59
,
81
,
100
,
106
,
121
,
182
,
258
,
321
,
322
; and three-body problem,
14
–
16
,
20
,
28
,
79
,
128
,
192

California, University of, at Los Angeles.
See
UCLA

Cambridge University,
11
,
38
,
50
,
51
,
261

Carnegie Institute of Washington,
116
,
117
,
180
.
See also
Newcomb, Simon
,
Institute for the Exact Sciences

Carnegie, Andrew,
4
,
116
,
117

Carnot, Lazare Nicholas Marguerite,
37

Cave-Brown-Cave, Beatrice,
111
,
112
,
130
,
131

Cave-Brown-Cave, Frances,
111
,
112
,
130
,
168
,
263
,
326

Census.
See
United States Census

Chicago World's Fair.
See
World's Columbian Exposition

Civil War (American),
70
–
79
,
81
,
129

Clairaut, Alexis Claude,
16
,
17
,
20
–
25
,
27
,
37
,
53
,
107
,
120
,
121
,
128
,
321
,
326

Clem, Mary,
167
–
69

Coast Survey Office.
See
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

Cold War,
5
,
7
,
194
,
248
,
249
,
298
,
304
–
6

Colmar, Charles Xavier Thomas de,
92
,
93
,
327

Columbia University,
94
,
133
,
136
,
140
,
166
,
170
,
195
,
231
,
303
; and Applied Mathematics Panel,
266
,
267
,
273
,
274
,
285
; Astronomical Computing Bureau (
see
Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau
); and Mathematical Tables Project,
202
–
5
,
216
; and Soviet visitors,
194
,
248
,
249
; Statistical Computing Office,
190
–
94

comets,
72
,
120
,
130
,
301
,
302
; of Maria Mitchell,
61
,
62
; precision of prediction for,
15
,
23
,
24
,
49
,
120
–
23
,
318
–
21
.
See also
Halley's comet

Committee for Conducting Statistical Inquiries into the Measurable Characteristics of Plants and Animals,
106
–
8

Communist Party.
See
Cold War
;
Soviet Union
;
Mathematical Tables Project, security within

complex arithmetic.
See
mathematical methods
;
calculating machines

Computation Laboratory.
See
Mathematical Tables Project

Computers, electronic stored programs,
5
,
7
,
230
,
272
,
273
,
285
,
287
–
89
,
299
,
303
,
304
,
311
–
15
,
318
,
319
,
321
.
See also
calculating machines
;
ENIAC
;
UNIVAC

computers, human,
4
,
7
,
48
,
53
,
70
,
98
,
120
,
172
,
276
,
288
,
293
; and agriculture,
159
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166
,
188
; and ballistics,
74
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129
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130
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132
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136
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140
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141
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144
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151
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152
,
153
,
260
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261
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271
,
283
; and biology,
106
,
108
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110
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130
; boys as,
50
–
52
,
59
,
113
,
132
,
321
; and calculating machines,
7
,
69
,
92
,
93
,
96
,
120
,
142
,
157
,
165
,
166
,
168
,
171
,
188
,
213
,
217
,
220
–
23
,
225
,
226
,
231
,
234
,
242
,
255
,
258
,
259
,
274
,
285
,
287
,
291
,
312
; and clerical labor,
49
,
52
,
81
,
94
,
95
,
96
,
126
,
147
,
198
,
256
,
287
,
292
; compared to machines,
43
,
54
,
70
,
114
,
168
,
231
,
267
,
268
,
275
,
288
,
303
; compared to operators,
164
,
168
,
231
,
258
,
259
,
267
; cost of calculation by,
67
,
79
,
83
,
84
,
95
,
143
,
160
,
223
,
227
,
231
,
259
,
267
,
268
; division of labor among (
see
division of labor
); education and training of,
7
,
51
,
59
,
68
,
76
,
78
,
106
,
113
,
132
,
133
,
141
,
156
,
196
,
210
,
212
,
252
,
258
,
259
,
261
,
273
,
282
; and electronic programmable computers,
231
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263
,
264
,
273
,
285
,
288
,
295
,
296
,
302
–
4
,
312
,
313
,
316
,
318
,
319
,
312
; instructions and plans for,
30
,
36
,
37
,
52
,
63
,
78
,
120
,
124
,
201
,
213
; labor discontent among,
52
,
83
,
86
,
113
,
114
,
131
,
151
,
292
–
94
; management of,
68
,
70
,
78
,
113
,
114
,
131
,
133
,
136
,
137
,
144
,
167
,
196
,
197
,
203
,
214
,
215
,
216
,
263
,
269
,
277
,
278
,
301
,
321
; and mathematical tables,
125
,
184
,
185
,
232
,
281
,
285
,
313
,
314
; and mathematics,
78
,
81
,
121
,
140
–
42
,
159
; and meteorology,
76
,
77
,
143
; professional institutions for,
7
,
173
,
179
,
181
,
197
,
236
,
239
; professionalization of,
7
,
177
,
181
,
239
,
243
,
255
,
285
,
286
; professional literature for,
7
,
157
,
177
,
179
–
81
,
185
,
186
,
195
,
199
,
236
–
39
,
257
,
261
,
272
,
286
,
312
–
14
; reference books for,
63
,
84
,
156
,
157
,
177
; social status of,
19
,
24
,
36
,
52
,
67
,
71
,
110
,
113
,
133
,
141
,
167
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196
,
200
,
212
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221
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253
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276
,
280
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283
,
288
; and statistics,
106
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108
,
116
,
117
,
148
,
188
; and surveying,
65
,
72
,
78
,
93
,
159
; wages of,
52
,
64
,
67
,
79
,
82
–
84
,
95
,
111
,
113
,
160
,
220
,
223
,
247
,
259
,
267
,
268
; and war,
71
–
73
,
74
,
126
–
43
,
145
,
151
,
253
,
269
,
313
; and
women,
24
,
61
,
81
–
88
,
102
,
103
,
106
,
110
–
12
,
126
,
138
–
40
,
147
,
152
,
167
,
168
,
170
,
189
,
190
,
218
,
230
,
238
,
252
,
253
,
256
,
258
–
61
,
276
,
282
,
303
; working conditions of,
51
,
53
,
64
,
76
,
77
,
84
,
86
,
87
,
95
,
96
,
111
–
13
,
117
,
142
,
144
,
170
,
171
,
210
,
215
,
217
,
218
,
220
,
221
,
250
,
260
,
263
,
268
,
269
,
291
,
300
,
301
.
See also
Aberdeen Proving Ground
;
Babbage, Charles
;
Bureau Cadastre
;
Connaissance des Temps
;
de Prony, Gaspard Marie Riche
;
Harvard University, Observatory
;
Mathematical Tables Project
;
Nautical Almanac, American
;
Nautical Almanac, British
;
Royal Greenwich Observatory

computing forms,
37
,
52
,
54
,
63
,
76
,
77
,
94
,
143
,
147
,
148
,
213
–
15
,
217
,
219
,
220
,
246

Computing, Tabulating and Recording Company (CTR).
See
International Business Machines

Comrie, Leslie J.,
154
–
57
,
172
,
179
,
186
,
192
,
215
,
219
,
221
,
240
,
242
,
263
,
276
,
287
,
288
,
311
,
321
,
326
; and British Nautical Almanac,
172
–
74
,
196
; and calculating machines,
171
,
172
,
174
,
193
,
261
,
263
; and Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation,
196
,
237
,
257
; and Mathematical Tables Committee,
173
,
174
; and Mathematical Tables Project,
211
,
215
,
251
,
252
; and Scientific Computing Service,
196
,
197
,
239
,
261

Condon, Edward,
289
–
91
,
305
,
306
,
309

Connaissance des Temps
,
24
,
29
–
31
,
36
,
65
,
68
,
75