Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History (55 page)

White, C. 1799.
An account of the regular gradation in man, and in different animals and vegetables
. London: C. Dilly.

Whittington, H. B. 1971. Redescription of
Marrella splendens
(Trilobitoidea) from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia.
Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin
209:1–24.

Whittington, H. B. 1972. What is a trilobitoid? In
Palaeontological Association Circular, Abstracts for Annual Meeting
, p. 8. Oxford.

Whittington, H. B. 1974.
Yohoia
Walcott and
Plenocaris
n. gen., arthropods from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia.
Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin
231:1–21.

Whittington, H. B. 1975a. The enigmatic animal
Opabinia regalis
, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 271:1–43.

Whittington, H. B. 1975b. Trilobites with appendages from the Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Fossils and Strata
(Oslo) 4:97–136.

Whittington, H. B. 1977. The Middle Cambrian trilobite
Naraoia
, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 280:409–43.

Whittington, H. B. 1978. The lobopod animal
Aysheaia pedunculata
Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 284:165–97.

Whittington, H. B. 1980. The significance of the fauna of the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia.
Proceedings of the Geologists’Association
91:127–48.

Whittington, H. B. 1981a. Rare arthropods from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 292:329–57.

Whittington, H. B. 1981b. Cambrian animals: Their ancestors and descendants.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society
(New South Wales) 105:79–87.

Whittington, H. B. 1985a.
Tegopelte gigas
, a second soft-bodied trilobite from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia.
Journal of Paleontology
59:1251–74.

Whittington, H. B. 1985b.
The Burgess Shale
. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Whittington, H. B., and D. E. G. Briggs. 1985. The largest Cambrian animal,
Anomalocaris
, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 309:569–609.

Whittington, H. B., and S. Conway Morris. 1985.
Extraordinary fossil biotas: Their ecological and evolutionary significance
. London: Royal Society. Published originally in
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 311:1–192.

Whittington, H. B., and W. R. Evitt II. 1953.
Silicified Middle Ordovician trilobites
. Geological Society of America Memoir 59.

Zhang Wen-tang and Hou Xian-guang. 1985. Preliminary notes on the occurrence of the unusual trilobite
Naraoia
in Asia [in Chinese].
Acta Palaeontologica Sinica
24:591–95.

1.1 Copyright 1940 by Charles R. Knight. Reproduced by permission of Rhoda Knight Kalt.

1.2 Copyright © Janice Lilien. Originally published in
Natural History
magazine, December 1985.

1.3 From Charles White,
An Account of the Regular Gradation in Man
…, 1799. Reprinted from
Natural History
magazine.

1.4 Reprinted by permission of Charles Scribner’s Sons, an imprint of Macmillan Publishing Company, from Henry Fairfield Osborn,
Men of the Old Stone Age
. Copyright 1915 by Charles Scribner’s Sons; copyright renewed 1943 by A. Perry Osborn.

1.7 Reprinted courtesy of the
Boston Globe
.

1.8 Reprinted courtesy of the
Boston Globe
.

1.9 Reprinted courtesy of Bill Day,
Detroit Free Press
.

1.11 Reprinted courtesy of Guinness Brewing Worldwide.

1.12 Reprinted courtesy of Granada Group PLC.

1.15 From James Valentine, “General Patterns in Metazoan Evolution,” in
Patterns of Evolution
, ed. A. Hallam. Elsevier Science Publishers (New York). Copyright © 1977.

1.16(A) From David M. Raup and Steven M. Stanley,
Principles of Paleontology
, 2d ed. Copyright © 1971, 1978 W. H. Freeman and Company. Reprinted with permission.

1.16(B) Figure 4.6 in Harold Levin,
The Earth Through Time
. Copyright © 1978 by Saunders College Publishing, a division of Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

1.16(C) From J. Marvin Weller,
The Course of Evolution
. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Copyright © 1969.

1.16(E) From Robert R. Shrock and William H. Twenhofel,
Principles of Invertebrate Paleontology
. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Copyright © 1953.

1.16(F) From Steven M. Stanley,
Earth and Life Through Time
, 2d ed. Copyright © 1986, 1989 W. H. Freeman and Company. Reprinted with permission.

2.4, 2.5, 2.6 Smithsonian Institution Archives, Charles D. Walcott Papers, 1851–1940 and undated. Archive numbers SA-692, 89-6273, and 85-1592.

3.1 By permission of the Smithsonian Institution Press, from
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
, vol. 57, no. 6. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 From D. L. Bruton, 1981. The arthropod
Sidneyia inexpectans
, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 295: 619–56.

3.8 From H. B. Whittington, 1978. The lobopod animal
Aysheaia pedunculata
Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 284:165–97.

3.9, 3.10, 3.11 From D. L. Bruton, 1981. The arthropod
Sidneyia inexpectans
, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 295: 619–56.

3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16 From H. B. Whittington, 1971. Redescription of
Marrella splendens
(Trilobitoidea) from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia.
Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin
209:1–24.

3.17, 3.19 From H. B. Whittington, 1974.
Yohoia
Walcott and
Plenocaris
n. gen., arthropods from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia.
Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin
231:1–21.

3.20 From H. B. Whittington, 1975. The enigmatic animal
Opabinia regalis
, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 271:1–43.

3.22 Reprinted by permission of Cambridge University Press.

3.23 From A. M. Simonetta, 1970. Studies of non-trilobite arthropods of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian).
Palaeontographica Italica
66 (n.s. 36):35–45.

3.24, 3.25, 3.26 From H. B. Whittington 1975. The enigmatic animal
Opabinia regalis
, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 271:1–43.

3.27 From C. P. Hughes, 1975. Redescription of
Burgessia bella
from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Fossils and Strata
(Oslo) 4:415–35. Reproduced with permission.

3.30 From S. Conway Morris, 1977. A new entoproct-like organism from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia.
Palaeontology
20:833–45.

3.33 From S. Conway Morris, 1977. A redescription of the Middle Cambrian worm
Amiskwia sagittiformis
Walcott from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia.
Paläontologische Zeitschrift
51:271–87.

3.35 From S. Conway Morris, 1977. A new metazoan from the Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Palaeontology
20:623–40.

3.36 From D. E. G. Briggs, 1976. The arthropod
Branchiocaris
n. gen., Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin
264:1–29.

3.37 From D. E. G. Briggs, 1978. The morphology, mode of life, and affinities of
Canadaspis perfecta
(Crustacea: Phyllocarida), Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 281:439–87.

3.39, 3.40(A–C) From H. B. Whittington, 1977. The Middle Cambrian trilobite
Naraoia
, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 280:409–43.

3.42, 3.43 From H. B. Whittington, 1978. The lobopod animal
Aysheaia pedunculata
Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 284:165–97.

3.44 From D. E. G. Briggs, 1981. The arthropod
Odaraia alata
Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 291:541–85.

3.47, 3.50 From H. B. Whittington, 1981. Rare arthropods from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 292:329–57.

3.51, 3.52, 3.53 From D. L. Bruton and H. B. Whittington. 1983.
Emeraldella
and
Leanchoilia
, two arthropods from the Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 300:553–85.

3.55 From D. E. G. Briggs and D. Collins, 1988. A Middle Cambrian chelicerate from Mount Stephen, British Columbia.
Palaeontology
31:779–98.

3.56, 3.57, 3.59 From S. Conway Morris, 1985. The Middle Cambrian metazoan
Wiwaxia corrugata
(Matthew) from the Burgess Shale and
Ogygopsis
Shale, British Columbia, Canada.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 307:507–82.

3.60, 3.61 From D. E. G. Briggs, 1979.
Anomalocaris
, the largest known Cambrian arthropod.
Palaeontology
22:631–64.

3.63, 3.64 From H. B. Whittington and D. E. G. Briggs, 1985. The largest Cambrian animal,
Anomalocaris
, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 309:569–609.

3.65 From S. Conway Morris and H. B. Whittington, 1985. Fossils of the Burgess Shale. A national treasure in Yoho National Park, British Columbia.
Geological Survey of Canada, Miscellaneous Reports
43:1–31.

3.67, 3.68, 3.69(A–B), 3.70 From H. B. Whittington and D. E. G. Briggs, 1985. The largest Cambrian animal,
Anomalocaris
, Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London
B 309:569–609.

3.73, 3.74 From D. E. G. Briggs and H. B. Whittington, 1985. Modes of life of arthropods from the Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
76:149–60.

4.1, 4.2, 4.3 Smithsonian Institution Archives, Charles D. Walcott Papers, 1851–1940 and undated. Archive numbers 82–3144, 82–3140, and 83–14157.

5.3 Drawing by Charles R. Knight: neg. no. 39443, courtesy of Department of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History.

5.5 Courtesy of A. Seilacher.

5.6 From R. C. Moore, C. G. Lalicker, and A. G. Fischer.
Invertebrate Fossils
. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Copyright 1952.

5.7 From A. Yu. Rozanov, “Problematica of the Early Cambrian,” in
Problematic Fossil Taxa
, ed. Antoni Hoffman and Matthew H. Nitecki. Copyright © 1986 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Reprinted by permission.