World War II Behind Closed Doors (65 page)

2
Lord Alanbrooke, BBC TV interview.

3
Though Stalin claimed he was born on 21 December 1879, new research has shown he was actually born on 6 December 1878. See Robert Service,
Stalin
, Pan Macmillan, 2004, p. 14.

4
Gustav Hilger,
The Incompatible Allies
, New York, 1953, p. 301.

5
Laurence Rees,
Nazis: A Warning from History
, BBC Books, 1997, p. 93.

6
From BBC interview with Reinhard Spitzy.

7
Rees,
Nazis: A Warning from History
, p. 93.

8
Strobe Talbott (ed.),
Khrushchev Remembers
, Deutsch, 1971, p. 307.

9
BBC interview.

10
V. N. Pavlov (the Soviet interpreter),
‘Avtobiographicheskii Zametki’
(Auto biographical Notes), in the journal
Novaya I Noveyshaya Istoria
, 2000, pp. 98–99.

11
From BBC interview with Herbert Döring, SS manager of the Berghof.

12
Max Domarus,
Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations
, Vol. 2, 1935–8, I. B. Tauris, 1992, Nuremberg Party rally, 13 September 1937.

13
J. Noakes and G. Pridham,
Nazism: A Documentary Reader 1919–1945
, University of Exeter Press, 2001, Vol. 2, p. 278.

14
Geoffrey Roberts,
The Unholy Alliance – Stalin's Pact with Hitler
, I. B. Tauris, 1989, p. 149.

15
G. Roberts,
The Unholy Alliance
, p. 152.

16
From notes written by Gustav Hilger of the 27–29 September talks between the Soviets and the Germans in Moscow. Quoted in Ingeborg Fleischhauer's article ‘Molotov und Ribbentrop in Moskau’ in
Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
, 3/1991.

17
Izvestiya
, quoted in Roberts,
The Unholy Alliance
, p. 109.

18
Stalin's speech to the 18th Party Congress, 10 March 1939. Full speech in English in J. V. Stalin,
Problems of Leninism
, Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1976, pp. 874–942.

19
Quoted in Roberts,
The Unholy Alliance
, pp. 140–1.

20
Andrew Roberts,
The Holy Fox: The Life of Lord Halifax
, Phoenix Press, 1997, p. 166.

21
Andor Hencke, Under-Secretary in the German Foreign Office, testimony under American interrogation 12–15 October in Wiesbaden: Institut für Zeitgeschichte München, PL (GPA) [1-12-50].

22
BBC interview for Rees,
Nazis: A Warning from History
.

23
Hencke interrogation and his memorandum of the conversation of 23 August in Politisches Archiv, Berlin, ADAP DVII DOK 213.

24
Hilger,
The Incompatible Allies
, p. 304.

25
Hencke interrogation DOK 213.

26
Hencke, DOK 213.

27
Johnnie von Herwarth,
Memoirs
, Collins, 1981, p. 167.

28
Heinrich Hoffmann,
Hitler Was My Friend
, Burke, 1955, p. 110.

29
Hoffmann,
Hitler Was My Friend
, p. 112.

30
Feliks Chuev,
Molotov Remembers
[7-9-71], Ivan Dee Inc., 1993.

31
Hencke, ADAP DVIII DOK 213.

32
Laurence Rees,
The Nazis: A Warning from History
, BBC DVD, episode 3.

33
BBC interview.

34
BBC interview.

35
Roberts,
The Holy Fox
, p. 157.

36
Roberts,
The Unholy Alliance
, p. 159.

37
Speech by Molotov before the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 31 October 1939.

38
Dmitri Volkogonov,
Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy
, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991, p. 361.

39
Jan Gross,
Revolution from Abroad
, Princeton University Press, 1988, p. 11.

40
BBC interview.

41
BBC interview.

42
This city, with its many name changes during the twentieth century, from Lemberg under the Austro-Hungarian Empire and then Nazi rule, to Lwów under Polish control, to Lvov under Soviet domination and now Lviv as part of Ukraine, is an exemplar of the boundary fluctuations in central Europe at the time.

43
BBC interview.

44
BBC interview.

45
Testimony from Gross,
Revolution from Abroad
, p. 44.

46
Köstring,
Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben
, pp. 144–6.

47
Erich Kordt,
Wahn und Wirklichkeit
(Delusion and Reality), Stuggart, 1948, pp. 220–8.

48
Hilger's notes in
Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte
, 3/1991. See Fleischhauer,
Dokumentation. Der deutsch-sowjetische Grenz und Freundschaftsvertrag vom 28 September, 1939. Die deutschen Aufzeichnungen über die Verhandlungen zwischen Stalin, Molotov and Ribbentrop in Moskau
, pp. 457–64.

49
Ibid.

50
Hencke interrogation, p. 25, and Karl Schnurre,
Aus einem bewegten Leben, Heiteres und Ernstes
, Bad Godesberg, 1986, pp. 90–5.

51
Hencke interrogation, p. 25.

52
Ibid.

53
Hilger,
The Incompatible Allies
, New York, 1951, p. 314.

54
Hilger in
Vierteljahreshefte
, p. 466.

55
Simon Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin and the Court of the Red Tsar
, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 321.

56
Andor Hencke, in letter of 28 January 1941 to photographer Helmut Laux, Politisches Archiv, Berlin, ADAP DVIII-161, Appendix 1.

57
Hilger,
The Incompatible Allies
, p. 314.

58
Constantine Pleshakov,
Stalin's Folly
, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005, pp. 43–4.

59
Władysław Anders,
An Army in Exile
, Macmillan, 1981, pp. 14–15.

60
William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason,
The Challenge to Isolation, 1937–1940
, New York, 1952, pp. 160–1.

61
Hansard
, 20 September 1939, Prime Minister's statement.

62
Seeds despatch, 18 September 1939, FO 371/23101.

63
Ibid.

64
Seeds despatch, 30 September 1939, FO 371/23103.

65
Kirkpatrick report, 1 October 1939, FO 371/23097 F207–8.

66
Perth to Cadogan, 5 October 1939, FO 371/23104 F38, 65, 68–9.

67
Cadogan to Perth, 3 November 1939, FO 371/23104 F38, 65, 68–9.

68
Written answer by R. A. Butler MP, 19 October 1939.

69
BBC interview.

70
Gross,
Revolution from Abroad
, p. 89.

71
Anders,
An Army in Exile
, p. 16.

72
Hencke, notes written immediately after the American interrogation 15-12-1945 in Wiesbaden.

73
Wolfgang Praeg and Werner Jacobmeyer,
Das Diensttagebuch des Deutschen Generalgouverneurs in Polen 1939–1945
, Stuttgart, 1975.

74
Diary of the Soviet delegation of the German-Soviet border commission, in Archive of the Russian Federation, Moscow, p.27 d66 (entry of 27-10-1939) F O11 Op 4.

75
For the latest figures see Stanislaw Ciesielski, Wojciech Materski and Andrzej Packowski
, Represje Sowieckie wobec Polakow I Obywateli Polskich
, Warsaw: KARTA 2000, p. 12.

76
6 October 1939, CAB 65-2, 39-7.

77
Snow to FO, 21 October 1939, CAB 84-8.

78
Chiefs of Staff report, 27 October 1939, CAB 104.

79
BBC interview.

80
Alan Bullock,
Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives
, HarperCollins, 1991, p. 731.

81
18 December 1939, CAB 65-2, 118-3.

82
Archive of the Russian President, RF.F3 Op 30 D 199 P3-5.

83
Archive of the Russian President, RGAASPI F 17 Op 162 D 26 L 119.

84
BBC interview.

85
Russian prosecutors in the early 1990s categorized the murder of the Poles as a ‘crime’– which makes Stalin a criminal even by Russian law. This fact has not received widespread publicity.

86
George Sanford,
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940
, BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European Studies, 2005, p. 297.

87
See the work of Wojciech Materski on Katyn published in Zbrodnia Katynska po 60 latach, Warsaw: NKHBZK, 2000, p. 27.

88
See the work of Natalia Lebedeva and Wojciech Materski (p. 30 in Sanford,
Katyn)
.

89
The BBC has obtained a video copy of this interrogation from which these quotes are taken.

90
BBC interview.

91
BBC interview with Anatoly Yablokov.