World War II Behind Closed Doors (68 page)

58
Susan Butler (ed.), Arthur Schlesinger (fwd),
My Dear Mr Stalin, the Complete Correspondence of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph V. Stalin
, Yale University Press, 2005, pp. 136–8.

59
W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel,
Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946
, Random House, 1975, pp. 216
–
7.

60
Churchill to Roosevelt, 25 June 1943, no. 328, Kimball,
Complete Correspondence
, Vol. II.

61
Roosevelt to Churchill, 28 June 1943, no. 297, Kimball,
Complete Correspondence
, Vol. II.

62
Harold Nicolson,
Diaries and Letters, 1939
–
1945
, Collins, 1967, p. 277.

63
See OSS report no. A-5094, 11 May 1943, and OSS report no. A-9469, 9 August 1943; also George Wiseman to Christopher Warner, British Foreign Office, 11 August, 23 1943, N 4898/66/38, FO 371/36956. Quoted in Vojtech Mastny,
Russia's Road to the Cold War
, New York, 1979.

64
Mastny,
Russia's Road to the Cold War
, pp. 73
-
85.

65
BBC interview.

66
Quoted in Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
, p. 543.

67
The original of this diary is kept by Memorial in Moscow.

68
BBC interview.

69
BBC interview.

70
BBC interview.

71
Figures from Bellamy,
Absolute War
, p. 583.

72
This section of Roes' recollections is taken from his interview for Mother of All Battles,
BBC Timewatch
, 1993, Dai Richards (producer), Laurence Rees (executive producer).

CHAPTER FOUR: The Changing Wind

1
Speech by President Bush in Riga, Latvia, on 7 May 2005.

2
Keith Sainsbury,
The Turning Point
, Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 11.

3
Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
, p. 423 (for the full minutes of Cairo, see FRUS,
The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran
, 1943, pp. 291–455).

4
Ibid., p. 426.

5
Sovetsko-Angliiskie Otnosheniya vo vremya velikoi otechestvennoi voiny, 1941
–
1945
, Izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury, Moscow, 1983, Vol. 1, document 301.

6
Moran,
Winston Churchill, the Struggle for Survival
, entry for 28 November 1943.

7
Ibid.

8
BBC interview.

9
See FRUS,
The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran
, 1943, Bohlen minutes, pp. 482–6.

10
Quoted in William Roger Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 181.

11
John Morton Blum (ed.),
Morgenthau Diaries 1941–1945
, Houghton Mifflin, 1967, entry for 15 September 1944.

12
PRO CAB 99/25.

13
Moran,
Winston Churchill, the Struggle for Survival
, entry for 28 November 1943.

14
PRO PREM 3/136/8 pp.2–3 (also recorded in FRUS Bohlen minutes, p. 512).

15
Churchill to Eden, 16 January 1944, PRO PREM 3/399/6.

16
Remark reported by Sumner Welles, quoted in Gaddis,
The United States and the Origins of the Cold War
, Columbia University Press, 1972, p. 41. For a full discussion of these issues see ‘Churchill, Roosevelt and the Stalin Enigma 1941–1945’, in Reynolds,
From World War to Cold War
, Oxford University Press, 2007.

17
FRUS Cairo and Tehran, 30 November 1943, p. 584.

18
For a detailed discussion of these issues see Martin H. Folly,
Churchill, Whitehall and the Soviet Union 1940–1945
, Macmillan Press, 2000.

19
Tehran Conference: minutes of Meetings of Military Experts held at the Soviet Embassy Tehran on Monday 29 November at 10.30 a.m., CAB 99/25, p. 128 PRO.

20
FRUS, pp. 482–6.

21
Second Plenary Meeting, see FRUS The Conference at Cairo and Tehran, p. 533–40.

22
FRUS minutes, pp. 552–5.

23
Churchill,
The Second World War
, Vol. 5, pp. 329–30.

24
Elliot Roosevelt,
As He Saw It
, Greenwood Press, 1974, pp. 186–91.

25
Moran,
Winston Churchill, the Struggle for Survival
, entry for 28 November 1943.

26
Alanbrooke,
War Diaries
, p. 485, entry for 29 November 1943.

27
Quoted in Ralph Levering,
American Opinion and the Russian Alliance 1939–1945
, University of North Carolina Press, 1976, p. 74.

28
Alanbrooke,
War Diaries
, pp. 486–7, entry for 30 November 1943.

29
As told to Frances Perkins, subsequently recorded in
The Roosevelt I Knew
, Harper and Row, 1965, pp. 83–5.

30
Roosevelt,
As He Saw It
, pp. 174–6.

31
FRUS Conferences at Tehran, pp. 594–6.

32
Katyn Massacre testimony to Senate, p. 2109.

33
Ibid, p. 2102.

34
PRO PREM 3/136/9, pp. 12–13.

35
Clayton Koppes and Gregory Black,
Hollywood Goes to War: How Politics, Profits and Propaganda Shaped WWII Movies
, Free Press, 1987, p. 191.

36
Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
, p. 439.

37
Samuel I. Rosenman (ed.),
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt
, Harper, 1938–1950, 13 Vols., 1943, pp. 553–62.

38
The Russian military prosecutor. A. Yabolov has written about Kiselev's case in an article ‘Katinskoe prestuplenie: Barometr sostoyania prava v chelevecheskom izmerenii (The Katyn Crime: a measurement of the state of human rights)’, Yablokov and Yazhborovskaya,
In Mezhdu Proshlim I Budushchim (Between the Past and the Future)
, pub. Nezavisimoe izdatelstvo ‘Peak’, Moscow, 1999, pp. 272–74.

39
Burdenko to Molotov, 2 September 1943, and Molotov's comments on the letter. GARF F 7021, Op 114 D 8 L 18–24.

40
Moscow embassy to Foreign Office, 25 January 1944, PRO PREM 3/353.

41
Moscow embassy to Foreign Office, 23 January 1944, PRO PREM 3/353.

42
Quoted in full in Katyn Massacre testimony to Senate, testimony of John Melby, p. 2150.

43
Ibid, p. 2147.

44
Report of 25 January 1944, PRO PREM 3/353.

45
Churchill to Eden, 30 January 1944, PRO PREM 3/353.

46
O'Malley despatch, 11 February 1944, PRO FO371/39390 C2099.

47
Katyn Massacre testimony to Senate, p. 2111.

48
BBC interview.

49
See Earle's testimony at the Katyn Massacre hearings, p. 2197.

50
Ibid, p. 2204–7.

51
Letter from FDR to Earle, 24 March 1945. Facsimile copy printed in
Confidential
magazine, August 1958 (Vol. 6, no. 3), as part of article by George Earle, ‘FDR's tragic mistake’.

52
Letter Beria to Stalin, 10 May, 1944. Published in Stalin's deportations 1928–1953, Mezhdunarodnuy Fond Demokratia Rosiya 20 vek, Moscow, 2005, p. 496.

53
J. Otto Pohl, ‘The Deportation and Fate of the Crimean Tatars’, paper presented at the 5th Annual World Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities (‘Identity and the State: Nationalism and Sovereignty in a Changing World’), Columbia University, 13–15 April 2000.

54
BBC Interview.

55
BBC interview.

56
BBC interview.

57
Pohl, ‘The Deportation and Fate of the Crimean Tatars’.

58
Ibid.

59
BBC interview.

60
BBC interview.

61
M. Blumenson,
Salerno to Cassino
, US Government Printing Office, 1969, p. 286.

62
Quoted in Matthew Parker,
Monte Cassino
, Headline, 2003, p. xvii.

63
Ibid, see plate section.

64
Quoted in Martin Gilbert,
The Road to Victory
, Heinemann, 1989, p. 667.

65
BBC interview.

66
Quoted in Parker,
Monte Cassino
, p. 182.

67
Fred Majdalany,
Cassino: Portrait of a Battle
, Longmans, 1957, p. 91.

68
Quoted in ibid, p. 215.

69
Anders,
An Army in Exile
, p. 163.

70
BBC interview.

71
BBC interview.

72
Anders,
An Army in Exile
, p. 176.

73
BBC interview from episode 1 of
D-Day to Berlin
, Andrew Williams (producer), Laurence Rees (executive producer), transmission on BBC1, 20 April 2005.

74
Ibid.

75
BBC interview.