5 Steps to a 5 AP Psychology, 2010-2011 Edition (74 page)

(A) auditory hallucinations

(B) visual hallucinations

(C) paranoid delusions

(D) flat affect

(E) incoherent speech

94.
Today Susan took a pill for her allergy that raised her blood pressure, caused her heart to beat faster, and raised her body temperature. Now caught in traffic, she feels angry. Yesterday, when she took the pill she was with her husband. When her blood pressure rose, her heart speeded up, she got hotter, and she felt amorous. This description exemplifies

(A) the adaptation-level phenomenon

(B) two-factor theory

(C) James-Lange theory

(D) Cannon-Bard theory

(E) homeostatic theory

95.
Which of the following reinforcement schedules results in maintenance of behavior that is LEAST resistant to extinction?

(A) continuous

(B) fixed ratio

(C) fixed interval

(D) variable ratio

(E) variable interval

96.
When the class listened to a list of words, half the group was directed to listen for sounds while the other half was asked to gauge the emotional impact of the words. The group who gauged the emotional impact remembered many more words. This is evidence that better retention results with attention to

(A) semantic features

(B) echoic features

(C) shallow processing

(D) surface processing

(E) rehearsal

97.
Alpha waves are most closely associated with

(A) the hypnagogic state

(B) Stage 2 sleep

(C) Stage 3 sleep

(D) Stage 4 sleep

(E) alertness

98.
The focus of structuralists most closely matches the current perspective of

(A) psychoanalysis

(B) behaviorists

(C) cognitivists

(D) humanists

(E) evolutionists

99.
The primary reason why we cannot taste sand or smell platinum is that

(A) they are not chemicals

(B) they are not soluble in water

(C) they are poisonous

(D) they have no nutritional value

(E) the thresholds for tasting sand and smelling platinum are higher for humans than for amphibians and reptiles

100.
After sending a decal to display on a window and greeting cards with its logo, a charity sent the same people envelopes requesting contributions. Many people send contributions. The charity is using a technique known as

(A) overcompensation

(B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon

(C) the bystander effect

(D) proximity

(E) in-group bias

SECTION II
Time—50 minutes

Directions:
Take approximately 50 minutes to answer
both
of the essay questions. According to the College Board directions, “It is not enough to answer a question by merely listing facts. You should present a cogent argument based on your critical analysis of the question posed, using appropriate psychological terminology.” Write your essays on separate sheets of paper.

Essay 1:

A. Numerous factors can help determine whether an adolescent wearing a costume and mask will damage property if he doesn’t get treats he asks for when trick-or-treating on Halloween. Define and discuss how each of the following concepts could affect the decision:

• superego

• level of moral development

• conformity

• deindividuation

• modeling

B. Discuss how each of the factors (in A) helps determine whether or not an adolescent wearing a Halloween costume and mask will damage property if he doesn’t get treats he asks for when “trick or treating” on Halloween.

Essay 2:

A neuroscientist thinks he has developed a drug that can stop the progression of Alzheimer’s disease in people who are in the initial stages of the disease. Design a research experiment that will support or refute his hypothesis. In your research design describe the following:

• sample

• assignment

• independent variable

• dependent variable

• experimental group

• control group

• possible confounding variable

• how you would determine whether or not the drug is effective

END PRACTICE EXAM

1. A—
(
Chapter 8
) Olfactory (smell) receptors in the nasal passages would detect the gas molecules and send impulses directly to the brain for fast perception and response.

2. A—
(
Chapter 13
) Identical twins. Since they share the same genes, the difference between them would be a result of nurture. Identical quadruplets would be extremely rare and so it would be difficult to find a large enough sample size for a study.

3. C—
(
Chapter 10
) The children’s more aggressive behavior following the more violent cartoon supports Albert Bandura’s social learning theory of aggression studied in the Bobo doll study.

4. D—
(
Chapter 11
) A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning. Although a phoneme is the smallest unit of language, it may have no meaning.

5. E—
(
Chapter 17
) Systematic desensitization is a behavior therapy especially effective in the treatment of phobias such as claustrophobia in this question. The patient learns through classical conditioning to replace the fear with relaxation.

6. A—
(
Chapter 12
) Humanistic perspective pioneer Abraham Maslow places self-esteem and finally self-actualization as higher needs in his hierarchy of needs theory of motivation.

7. A—
(
Chapter 14
) The Rorschach inkblot test is a projective test designed to reveal the unconscious mind and is a technique quite useful to the psychoanalytic therapist.

8. A—
(
Chapter 10
) When the pigeon sees the yellow light instead of the green one, he generalizes his pecking response to a similar stimulus. The pigeon can be taught to discriminate between the two colored lights, but has not yet been trained to do so.

9. D—
(
Chapter 14
) Carl Rogers is a humanistic psychologist who believes like Maslow that people are born good and that only the conditions of worth placed on the individual by society change this natural tendency.

10. A—
(
Chapter 7
) Over half of the brain’s volume is composed of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the section of the brain thought to be responsible for higher thought processing and covers all of the other structures of the brain.

11. A—
(
Chapter 16
) Joey seems to have antisocial personality disorder. He shows no guilt when he hurts others. The condition is first evident in teen years, as in this case, and the criminal behavior often accelerates over time.

12. D—
(
Chapter 10
) Modeling is a social cognitive process in which new behavior is learned by watching others and then imitating their actions.

13. D—
(
Chapter 14
) Freud’s superego operates on the morality principle and, thus, overrides the impulse to cut class in this example and causes Andy to do the right thing by attending class.

14. A—
(
Chapter 18
) Prejudice is the unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group and its members, while discrimination would be acting upon this attitude.

15. C—
(
Chapter 17
) One technique used by Carl Rogers in his client-centered humanistic therapy is to give unconditional positive regard to his clients to undo the effects of conditions of worth and to allow the individual to realize his positive actualizing potential.

16. D—
(
Chapter 18
) People dressed alike or disguised can easily lose their sense of identity and become less self-aware, which are characteristics of deindividuation.

17. D—
(
Chapter 13
) Piaget’s formal operational thought is the final stage of reasoning, characterized by hypothetical thought, systematic planning, and abstract, logical reasoning abilities.

18. B—
(
Chapter 7
) In patients with Parkinson’s disease, damage occurs in the dopamine-rich substantia nigra. With the degeneration of these neurons, movement problems begin to occur. A synthetic drug known as L-dopa is able to alleviate some of their movement problems. Schizophrenics’ problems are related to an excessive amount of dopamine.

19. B—
(
Chapter 6
) Watson and Raynor’s classic study involving classical conditioning of fear in
9-month-old baby Albert would today violate the APA ethical guidelines that prohibit physical or mental suffering by subjects.

20. C—
(
Chapter 14
) Adler’s classic theory of birth order has suggested that since oldest children grow up in a world of adults, they often show responsibility for younger siblings and develop into responsible adults.

21. D—
(
Chapter 16
) Brenda’s constant attention-seeking and egotistical attitudes are classic markers of the narcissistic personality.

22. C—
(
Chapter 5
) Behaviorists discount the role of “mentalistic” aspects that cannot be directly observed.

23. A—
(
Chapter 13
) Erikson’s sixth stage of psychosocial development occurs during young adulthood and is marked by the crisis of intimacy vs. isolation—a desire to form closer bonds to others. Many marriages are the result of this growing sense of intimacy, and difficulty in forming relationships may indicate tendencies toward isolation.

24. C—
(
Chapter 8
) The height of the wave or its amplitude allows us to perceive loudness from sound waves.

25. B—
(
Chapter 11
) Shannon’s inability to think of using her jeans and sweater as a pillow is an example of functional fixedness—not seeing unusual uses of familiar objects.

26. C—
(
Chapter 14
) In his hierarchy of needs, Maslow theorizes that lower level needs must be met before higher level needs can be attained. Self-actualization is the uppermost need and cannot be attempted until esteem needs, the need level below it, are satisfied.

27. A—
(
Chapter 14
) The MMPI-2 is the most widely used self-report inventory for personality assessment.

28. C—
(
Chapter 17
) Behaviorists believe that we learn new behavior through rewards and punishment. Any maladaptive behavior can be changed by altering the consequences of that behavior.

29. D—
(
Chapter 11
) Insight learning is the sudden appearance of a solution when directed thinking is no longer being utilized. As Scott consciously shifted his attention to other matters, the solution to the anagram appeared.

30. A—
(
Chapter 16
) Paranoid schizophrenics suffer from disordered thinking and often have delusions of persecution and hallucinations.

31. A—
(
Chapter 6
) Jyoti is utilizing the naturalistic observation technique frequently used by behaviorists.

32. B—
(
Chapter 8
) White is the appearance of reflected wavelengths of all colors.

33. C—
(
Chapter 15
) Used on the old Stanford-Binet intelligence tests, the Intelligence Quotient originally coined by William Stearns represents your mental age divided by your chronological age multiplied by 100. Your mental age is a measure of your intellectual development relative to others.

34. D—
(
Chapter 13
) Kubler-Ross’s classic study of 200 terminal cancer patients determined their emotional reactions followed a similar pattern. Denial is followed by the emotions of anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

35. C—
(
Chapter 7
) The sympathetic nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system activated in stressful situations. When Jared realizes the shadows are just that, the parasympathetic nervous system will be activated to return his body to homeostasis.

36. E—
(
Chapter 9
) Narcotics or opiates are the classification of drugs most used to relieve patients’ pain. Because they are highly addictive, a doctor must prescribe their limited use.

37. A—
(
Chapter 16
) One of the characteristics of the manic high is an inflated ego and sense of euphoria. The patient has little need for sleep during this phase of the condition.

38. A—
(
Chapter 11
) According to the serial positioning effect, words at the beginning of the list are stored in your long-term memory. Words remembered at the end of the list are in your short-term memory, which lasts only 20 + seconds and would be forgotten 2 days later. Poorest recall would occur for words in the middle of the list.

39. A—
(
Chapter 14
) Tony’s sense of self-efficacy or belief in his abilities to accomplish tasks should be maximized by all of these accomplishments.

40. B—
(
Chapter 12
) Fixed action patterns are species-specific innate behaviors unaffected by learning.

41. B—
(
Chapter 15
) To standardize a test, each of the actions mentioned would be taken—pre-testing of a sample population for whom the test is intended under uniform instructions.

42. B—
(
Chapter 16
) Compulsive hand washing is a common experience of those suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. A compulsion is the repetition of some action over and over even though it serves no useful purpose.