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29
. Nestle M. Food marketing and childhood obesity—a matter of policy.
New England Journal of Medicine
. Jun 15, 2006;354(24):2527–2529. See also: Harris JL, Brownell KD, Bargh JA. The food marketing defense model: integrating psychological research to protect youth and inform public policy.
Social Issues and Policy Review
. Dec 2009;3(1):211–271.

30
. Warner KE. The effects of the anti-smoking campaign on cigarette consumption.
American Journal of Public Health
. Jul 1977;67(7):645–650.

31
. Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition—Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of Smoking, Eating Out of Home, and Obesity study.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
. Jan 2012;95(1):184–193.

32
. Dijksterhuis A, Aarts H. On wildebeests and humans: the preferential detection of negative stimuli.
Psychological Science
. 2003;14(1):14–18. See also: Dijksterhuis A, Corneille O, Aarts H, Vermeulen N, Luminet O. Yes, there is a preferential detection of negative stimuli: a response to Labiouse.
Psychological Science
. 2004;15(8):571–572.

33
. Kahneman D. A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality.
American Psychologist
. Sep 2003;58(9):697–720.

34
. Kuo M, Wechsler H, Greenberg P, Lee H. The marketing of alcohol to college students: the role of low prices and special promotions.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
. 2003;25(3):204–211.

35
. Hammond D, Fong GT, McDonald PW, Brown KS, Cameron R. Showing leads to doing: graphic cigarette warning labels are an effective public health policy.
European Journal of Public Health
. Apr 2006;16(2):223–224; author reply 225. See also: Hammond D, Fong GT, McNeill A, Borland R, Cummings KM. Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.
Tobacco Control
. Jun 2006;15 Suppl 3:iii19–25.

36
. Anderson, Chisholm, and Fuhr. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.

37
. O’Malley PM, Wagenaar AC. Effects of minimum drinking age laws on alcohol use, related behaviors and traffic crash involvement among American
youth: 1976–1987.
Journal of Studies on Alcohol
. 1991;52(5):478–491.

38
. Ruggless R. Calif. city links building permits to nutrition.
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_22_44/ai_n56287820/
.
Nation’s Restaurant News
. 2010.

39
. Cohen D, Rabinovich L. Addressing the proximal causes of obesity: the relevance of alcohol control policies.
Preventing Chronic Disease
. May 2012;9:E94.

Chapter 10: The Supermarket of the Future

1
. Lin B, Frazao E. Away-from-home foods increasingly important to quality of American diet.
ERS/USDA
. 1999.
www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/AIB749/
.

2
. Ibid.

3
. Kant AK, Graubard BI. Eating out in America, 1987–2000: trends and nutritional correlates.
Preventive Medicine
. Feb 2004;38(2):243–249. See also: French SA, Harnack L, Jeffery RW. Fast food restaurant use among women in the Pound of Prevention study: dietary, behavioral and demographic correlates.
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
. Oct 2000;24(10):1353–1359.

4
. Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, Dietz W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer- and service-specific estimates.
Health Affairs
. 2009;28(5):w822–w831. See also: Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000.
JAMA
. Mar 10, 2004;291(10):1238–1245.

5
. Boffetta P, Nyberg F. Contribution of environmental factors to cancer risk.
British Medical Bulletin
. 2003;68:71–94. See also: Huxley RR, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Clifton P, Czernichow S, Parr CL, Woodward M. The impact of dietary and lifestyle risk factors on risk of colorectal cancer: a quantitative overview of the epidemiological evidence.
International Journal of Cancer
. 2009;125(1):171–180. See also: Fung T, Hu FB, Fuchs C, et al. Major dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal cancer in women.
Archives of Internal Medicine
. 2003;163(3):309–314.

6
. Waganingin UR. Restaurant of the future.
www.restaurantvandetoekomst.wur.nl/UK/
. 2009.

7
. Clarke P, Evans SH, Hovy EH. Indigenous message tailoring increases consumption of fresh vegetables by clients of community pantries.
Health Communication
. Sep 2011;26(6):571–582.

8
. Cialdini R.
Influence: Science and Practice
. Boston: Allyn & Bacon; 2001.

9
. Thaler R, Sunstein C.
Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness
. New York: Penguin Group; 2008.

10
. Fielding JE, Aguirre A, Spear MC, Frias LE. Making the grade: changing the incentives in retail food establishment inspection.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
. Oct 1999;17(3):243–247.

11
. Fielding JE, Aguirre A, Palaiologos E. Effectiveness of altered incentives in a food safety inspection program.
Preventive Medicine
. Mar 2001;32(3):239–244. See also: Simon PA, Leslie P, Run G, et al. Impact of restaurant hygiene grade cards on foodborne-disease hospitalizations in Los Angeles County.
Journal of Environmental Health
. Mar 2005;67(7):32–36, 56; quiz 59–60.

12
. Ibid.

13
. Jin G, Leslie P. The effect of information on product quality: evidence from restaurant hygiene grade cards.
Quarterly Journal of Economics
. 2003;118(2):409–451. See also: Jin G, Leslie P. The case in support of restaurant hygiene grade cards.
Choices
2005;20(2):97–102.

14
. Cohen DA, Bhatia R. Nutrition standards for away-from-home foods in the USA.
Obesity Reviews
. Feb 13, 2012.

Chapter 11: Fit and Fat: What About Physical Activity?

1
. Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, Mâsse LC, Tilert T, McDowell M. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
. Jan 2008;40(1):181–188.

2
. Gutin B. How can we help people to develop lean and healthy bodies?: a new perspective.
Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport
. Mar 2013;84(1):1–5.

3
. Blundell JE, Caudwell P, Gibbons C, et al. Role of resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure in hunger and appetite control: a new formulation.
Disease Models & Mechanisms
. Sep 2012;5(5):608–613.

4
. World Health Organization.
Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks
.
www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/global_health_risks/en/index.html
. Geneva: WHO; 2009.

5
. Centers for Disease Control. Physical activity trends—United States, 1990–1998.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
. Mar 9, 2001;50(9):166–169. See also: Sturm R. Childhood obesity—what we can learn from existing data on societal trends,
Part 2
.
Preventing Chronic Disease
. Apr 2005;2(2):A20. See also: Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Lo SK, et al. Estimating the changes in energy flux that characterize the rise in obesity prevalence.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
. 2009;89(6):1723–1728. See also: Carlson SA, Densmore D, Fulton JE, Yore MM, Kohl HW, 3rd. Differences in physical activity prevalence and trends from 3 U.S. surveillance systems: NHIS, NHANES, and BRFSS.
Journal of Physical Activity & Health
. 2009;6 Suppl 1:S18–S27. See also: Westerterp KR, Speakman JR. Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals.
International Journal of Obesity
. 2008;32(8):1256–1263.

6
. Church TS, Thomas DM, Tudor-Locke C, et al. Trends over 5 decades
in U.S. occupation-related physical activity and their associations with obesity.
PLoS One
. 2011;6(5):e19657.

7
. Herman WH, Hoerger TJ, Brandle M, et al. The cost-effectiveness of lifestyle modification or metformin in preventing type 2 diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance.
Annals of Internal Medicine
. 2005;142(5):323–332.

8
. McKenzie TL, Marshall S, Sallis JF, Conway TL. Student activity levels, lesson context, and teacher behavior during middle school physical education.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
. 2000;71:249–259.

9
. Tudor-Locke C, Lee SM, Morgan CF, Beighle A, Pangrazi RP. Children’s pedometer-determined physical activity during the segmented school day.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
. Oct 2006;38(10):1732–1738.

10
. Heady JA, Morris JN, Kagan A, Raffle PA. Coronary heart disease in London busmen: a progress report with particular reference to physique.
British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine
. Oct 1961;15:143–153.

11
. Marshall S, Gyi D. Evidence of health risks from occupational sitting: where do we stand?
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
. Oct 2010;39(4):389–391.

12
. Ibid. See also: van Uffelen JG, Wong J, Chau JY, et al. Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
. Oct 2010;39(4):379–388.

13
. Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Craig CL, Bouchard C. Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
. May 2009;41(5):998–1005.

14
. Ibid. See also: Katzmarzyk PT, Lee IM. Sedentary behaviour and life expectancy in the USA: a cause-deleted life table analysis.
BMJ Open
. 2012;2(4).

15
. Barr-Anderson DJ, AuYoung M, Whitt-Glover MC, Glenn BA, Yancey AK. Integration of short bouts of physical activity into organizational routine: a systematic review of the literature.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
. Jan 2011;40(1):76–93. See also: Lara A, Yancey AK, Tapia-Conye R, et al. Pausa para tu salud: reduction of weight and waistlines by integrating exercise breaks into workplace organizational routine.
Preventing Chronic Disease
. Jan 2008;5(1):A12.

16
. Ewing R, Schmid T, Killingsworth R, Zlot A, Raudenbush S. Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity.
American Journal of Health Promotion
. Sep/Oct 2003;18(1):47–57.

17
. Senauer B, Gemma M. Why is the obesity rate so low in Japan and high in the U.S.? Some possible economic explanations. The Food Industry Center, University of Minnesota; 2006.

18
. MacDonald JM, Stokes RJ, Cohen DA, Kofner A, Ridgeway GK. The effect of light rail transit on body mass index and physical activity.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
. 2010;39(2):105–112.

19
. Sturm R, Cohen DA. Suburban sprawl and physical and mental health.
Public Health
. Oct 2004;118(7):488–496.

20
. Environmental Protection Agency. Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/sources.html
. 2010.

21
. Malta DC, Barbosa da Silva J. Policies to promote physical activity in Brazil.
Lancet
. Jul 21, 2012;380(9838):195–196.

22
. Granovetter MS. The Strength of Weak Ties.
American Journal of Sociology
. 1973;78(6):1360–1380.

23
. Time Spent Watching TV.
http://adage.com/article/media/time-spent-watching-tv/227022/
.
AdAge Media News
. 2011.

24
. Vuori I, Lankenau B, Pratt M. Physical activity policy and program development: the experience in Finland.
Public Health Reports
. May/Jun 2004;119(3):331–345.

25
. Ibid.

26
. Cohen DA, Lapham S, Evenson KR, et al. Use of neighborhood parks: does socioeconomic status matter? a four city study.
Public Health
. 2013;in press.

27
. Cohen DA, Han B, Derose KP, et al. Neighborhood poverty, park use, and park-based physical activity in a Southern California city.
Social Science & Medicine
. 2012;75(12):2317–2325.

Chapter 12: In the Meantime: What Individuals Can Do

1
. Wegner DM. Ironic processes of mental control.
Psychological Review
. 1994;101(1):34–52.

2
. Spiegel TA, Kaplan JM, Tomassini A, Stellar E. Bite size, ingestion rate, and meal size in lean and obese women.
Appetite
. Oct 1993;21(2):131–145.

3
. Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Halverson KH, Meengs JS. Using a smaller plate did not reduce energy intake at meals.
Appetite
. Nov 2007;49(3):652–660.

4
. Coelho do Vale R, Pieters R, Zeelenberg, M. Flying under the radar: perverse package size effects on consumption self-regulation.
Journal of Consumer Research
. 2008;36:380–390.