Authors: Benjamin Netanyahu
A Durable Peace (67 page)
41.
Ziff,
Rape of Palestine,
p. 82
.
42.
Lloyd George quoted in Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace,
pp. 504–505. The precise chronology of events surrounding the detachment of Transjordanian Palestine is provided by Becker,
The PLO,
p. 243
: “On 24 April 1920 Britain was granted a mandate over the Palestine region by the San Remo peace conference. On 1
July 1920 Sir Herbert Samuel took over from the military administration and established a civil administration in Palestine
on both sides of the Jordan River (see Viscount Samuel’s
Memoirs).
… In March 1921 Abdullah was installed as Governor of Transjordan.’ This decision to treat Transjordan’ differently was not
internationally sanctioned until it was confirmed as part of a text of the Mandate terms by the Council of the League of Nations
on 24 July 1922 (Article 25 declared that in the ‘territory lying between the Jordan River and the eastern boundary of Palestine
as ultimately determined’ the Mandatory might ‘postpone or withhold’ application of certain provisions of the Mandate). Only
on 23 September 1922 did the League specifically approve a memorandum relating to Article 25 which specifically exempted the
area of Transjordan from the original Mandate’s requirements concerning the establishment of a Jewish national home.”
43.
Meinertzhagen,
Middle East Diary,
pp. 99
–
100
.
44.
Samuel,
Unholy Memories,
pp. 70
–
71
.
45.
Ziff,
Rape of Palestine,
p. 21
.
46.
Storrs quoted in Samuel,
Unholy Memories,
p. 73
.
47.
Storrs quoted in Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace,
p. 215
.
49.
Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace,
p. 524.
50.
Ibid, p. 518.
51.
Meinertzhagen,
Middle East Diary,
pp. 132
–
33
.
52.
Ziff,
Rape of Palestine,
p. 23
.
53.
Sachar,
History of Israel,
pp. 175
–
76
.
54.
Joseph Schechtman,
The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story: The Later Years
(New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1956),
p. 126
.
55
. Sanders,
High Walls of Jerusalem,
p. 661.
56.
Meinertzhagen,
Middle East Diary,
p. 166
.
57.
Wingate quoted in Israel Beer,
Hagana as Britain’s Ally
(Tel Aviv: Cooperative Press “Achduth,” 1947).
58.
Shuckburgh quoted in David Pryce-Jones,
The Closed Circle: An Interpretation of the Arabs
(New York: Harper and Row, 1989),
p. 198
.
59.
Abram Sachar,
The Redemption of the Unwanted: From the Liberation of the Death Camps to the Founding of Israel
(New York: St. Martin’s, 1983),
p. 224
.
60.
David Wyman,
Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941
(New York: Pantheon, 1985),
pp. 38
–
39
.
61.
Meinertzhagen,
Middle East Diary,
p. 171
.
62.
Halifax quoted in A. Sachar,
Redemption of the Unwanted,
p. 225.
63.
Shuckburgh quoted in Ibid.,
p. 231
.
64.
Ibid.
65.
Weizmann quoted in Ibid.,
p. 240
.
68.
Meinertzhagen commented on this incomprehensible, monomaniacal betrayal: “It is grossly unfair that the Jews are not allowed
to bring in their own nationals, when the [Jordanian] Arab Legion, armed, equipped, financed, and officered by Britain, together
with Army units from Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt are on the move into Palestine to attack them.” Meinertzhagen,
Middle East Diary,
p. 223
.
69.
Pryce-Jones describes the rallying of the Arab leadership to the Germans in
Closed Circle,
pp. 199
–
206
.
71.
Husseini quoted in Ziff,
Rape of Palestine,
p. 111
.
72.
Niles quoted in A. Sachar,
Redemption of the Unwanted,
p. 318
.
73.
Crum quoted in Ziff,
Rape of Palestine,
p. 110
.
74.
David Wyman,
The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945
(New York: Pantheon, 1984),
p. 159
.
75.
Kennan quoted in A. Sachar,
Redemption of the Unwanted,
p. 201.
76.
Truman quoted in Ibid.
77.
Saud quoted by Associated Press (Jan. 9, 1954). Cited in Henry Atkinson,
Security and the Middle East: The Problem and Its Solution
(New York: Ballantine, 1955)
p. 26
; proposals submitted to the President of the United States.
78.
Hints of the land-for-peace discussions even made it into public discussion at the time. A major policy speech in 1955
by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles stressed that the armistice lines from the War of
Independence did not have to be permanent. Referring to the Negev, he complained that “territory which is barren has acquired
a sentimental significance” for Israelis, making concessions unnecessarily difficult. British prime minister Anthony Eden
was more forward, calling explicitly for territorial compromise. H. Sachar,
History of Israel,
p. 476.
79.
Theodor Herzl,
Altneuland
(New York: Herzl Press, I960),
pp. 169
–
70
.
80.
Preamble: “Disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience
of mankind…. Member states have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal
respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms….”
Article 28: “Rights and freedoms set forth in the
Declaration cannot be enjoyed in a country under a reign of terror, nor in a world at war or in turmoil…. Only in a social
and international order that is governed by the rule of law and the principle of mutual respect may human rights be fully
observed.”
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Standard of Achievement
(New York: United Nations, 1948),
pp. 1
,
11
.
81.
By a vote of 111 to 25 with 13 abstentions, the UN General Assembly endorsed a resolution revoking the equation.
The Jerusalem Post,
Dec. 16, 1991.
82.
Frederick Chary,
The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution 1940–1944
(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972),
p. 189
; and Marshall Lee Miller,
Bulgaria During the Second World War
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975),
p. 96
.
1.
Shimoni,
Political Dictionary,
pp. 30
,
165
–
66
,
311
–
13
.
3.
Pryce-Jones,
Closed Circle,
p. 261
.
4.
The jerusalem Post ,
Nov. 1, 1990,
p. 4
.
5.
Shimoni,
Political Dictionary,
p. 229
.
7.
Assad quoted in Kamal Jumblatt, /
Speak for Lebanon
(London: Zed, 1982),
p. 78
.
8.
Shimoni,
Political Dictionary,
311
–
13
11.
Ibid, p. 479.
14
. Two hundred thousand Kurdish refugees fled to Iran in 1975 after the Shah of Iran stopped aid to the Pesh Perga Kurdish
rebel forces. Shimoni,
Political Dictionary,
p. 287
.
15.
Atkinson,
Security,
pp. 95
,
101
.
16.
Pryce-Jones,
Closed Circle,
p. 265
.
17.
The New York Times,
Sept. 1, 1988.
18.
Saddam poured two million barrels (84 million gallons) of crude oil into the gulf, producing a spill six times the size
of the infamous Exxon
Valdez
spill in Alaska in 1989.
The Jerusalem Post,
March 11, 1991.
19.
Al-Gumhuria,
Oct. 19, 1984.
20.
An excellent exposition of the Middle Eastern machinations of the rival British and French empires during World War I
can be found in Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace, passim.
21.
Pryce-Jones,
Closed Circle,
pp. 26
–
27
.
22.
Amir Shakib-Arslan,
Our Decline and Its Causes: A Diagnosis of the Symptoms of the Downfall of Moslems,
trans. M. A. Shakoor (Lahore, 1944). Excerpted in John Donohue and John Esposito, eds.,
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives
(New York: Oxford, 1982),
pp. 60
–
62
.
23.
Anti-Defamation League pamphlet, “The Myth of Linkage,” 1990.
24.
The New York Times,
Aug. 12 and 15, 1990.
25.
Qutb quoted in Emmanuel Sivan,
Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics
(New Haven: Yale, 1985),
p. 31
.
26.
Faraj quoted in
Al-Ahram
(Egypt), July 12, 1974. Cited in Sivan,
Radical Islam,
p. 20
.
27.
Pryce-Jones,
Closed Circle,
pp. 27
–
28
.
28.
Persecution of Jews in Arab countries began with the slaughter of the Jews of Medina by Mohammed in the year 625. The
countless pogroms and massacres that punctuated the life of Jews under Arab Islam thereafter included those in Cairo (1012),
Fez (1032), Marrakesh (1146), Baghdad (1333), Fez (1640), Basra (1776), Algiers (1801), Damascus (1840), Djerba (1864), Tunis
(1869), Fez (1912), Constantine (1934), Damascus (1936), Baghdad (1941), Tripoli (1945), and cities across the Arab world
in 1948 and 1967. A brief survey of Arab persecution of Jews can be found in Joan Peters,
From Time Immemorial
(New York: Harper, 1984),
pp. 33
–
71
.
29.
After the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE., this experience was encapsulated in the famous adage of the rabbis that
the Jewish commonwealth was destroyed by gratuitous hatred among Jews. Talmud Yoma 9b.
A dramatic exception to the absence
of Jewish political murder was the firing of Hagana troops on the ship
Altalena
bringing weapons and ammunition to Irgun troops immediately before the declaration of the state, in which eighteen members
of the Irgun were killed. Another exception
was the murder of Emil Greenzweig at an antiwar rally in February 1983. The murder was forcefully and universally condemned.
30.
Shakib-Arslan, in Donohue and Esposito,
Islam in Transition,
p. 61.
31.
Abdalla Laroui,
Contemporary Arab Ideology
(Paris: Maspero, 1967),
p. 15
, in Donohue and Esposito,
Islam in Transition,
p. 141
.
32.
Shakib-Arslan, in Donohue and Esposito,
Islam in Transition,
pp. 60
–
62
.
33.
Muhammad Nuwayhi,
Towards a Revolution in Religious Thought
(1970), in Donohue and Esposito,
Islam in Transition,
pp. 167
–
68
.
34.
Bitar, symposium of
Al-Ihya Al-Arabi,
Nov. 17, 1979. Cited in Sivan,
Radical Islam,
p. 157
.
35.
Pryce-Jones,
Closed Circle,
p. 235
.
37.
Michel Aflaq,
In Remembrance of the Arab Prophet
(1972), in Donohue and Esposito,
Islam in Transition,
p. 111
.
38.
Muammar Qaddafi,
The Third Way,
in Donohue and Esposito,
Islam in Transition,
pp. 104
–
106
.
39.
Ghouri quoted in Becker,
PLO,
p. 18
.
40.
Charter quoted by Yehoshafat Harkabi,
Arab Attitudes to Israel
(Jerusalem: Keter, 1972),
p. 70
.
41.
Nasser quoted in Pryce-Jones,
Closed Circle,
p. 253
.
42.
Quoted in Becker,
PLO,
p. 249
.
43.
Hussein quoted in Pryce-Jones,
Closed Circle,
p. 214
.
44.
Tsurani in
Al-Qabas,
Oct. 27, 1986.
45.
Arafat quoted in Saudi News Agency, Jan. 2, 1989.
46.
During Henry Kissinger’s shuttle diplomacy, Assad welcomed him beneath an oil painting of Saladin’s victory over the Crusaders.
Edward Sheehan,
The Arabs, Israelis, and Kissinger: A Secret History of American Diplomacy in the Middle East
(New York: Readers Digest Press, 1976),
p. 95
.
