A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (171 page)

39. Charles T. Ritchenseon,
Aftermath of Revolution: British Policy Towards the United States, 1783–1795
(Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1969).

40. Arthur P. Whitaker,
The Spanish-American Frontier, 1783–1795
(Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1927); Richard W. Van Alstyne,
The Rising American Empire
(New York: Oxford, 1960).

41. Van Beck Hall,
Politics Without Parties: Massachusetts, 1780–1791
(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972); Ronald Hoffman and Peter Albert, eds.,
Sovereign States in an Age of Uncertainty
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1981); Peter S. Onuf,
The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983).

42. Catherine Drinker Bowen,
Miracle at Philadelphia
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), 18.

43. Oscar Handlin and Lilian Handlin,
A Restless People: America in Rebellion, 1770–1787
(Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 1982).

44. Rock Brynner, “Fire Beneath Our Feet: Shays’ Rebellion and Its Constitutional Impact,” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1993; Daniel P. Szatmary,
Shays’ Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980); Robert A. Freer,
Shays’ Rebellion
(New York: Garland, 1988); Bowen,
Miracle at Philadelphia
, 31.

45. Bowen,
Miracle at Philadelphia
, 31.

46. Charles Beard,
The Economic Interpretation of the Constitution
(New York: Macmillan, 1913), passim.

47. Wood,
Creation of the American Republic
, 469–564.

48. Bowen,
Miracle at Philadelphia
, 13.

49. Christopher M. Duncan,
The Anti-Federalists and Early American Political Thought
(DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995); and Main,
The Anti-Federalists
, passim.

50. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 187.

51. Melvin I. Urofsky,
A March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States
, 2 vols. (New York: Knopf, 1988), I:91–92.

52. Johnson,
History of the American People,
186.

53. Bailyn,
Great Republic
, 234.

54. Roger H. Brown,
Redeeming the Republic: Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).

55. Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
, I:213.

56. Howard A. Ohline, “Republicanism and Slavery: Origins of the Three-Fifths Clause in the United States Constitution,”
William & Mary Quarterly
, 28, 1971, 563–84.

57. Max Farrand, ed.,
The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
, rev. ed., (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1937), I:193.

58. Donald L. Robinson,
Slavery and the Structure of American Politics, 1765–1820
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971), 180.

59. William H. Freehling, “The Founding Fathers and Slavery,”
American Historical Review
, February 1972, 81–93 (quotation on 84).

60. Ellis,
Founding Brothers
, 89–90.

61. Ibid., 113.

62. Ibid., 158; Fritz Hirschfeld,
George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997); Robert E. Dalzell Jr. and Lee Baldwin Dalzell,
George Washington’s Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America
(New York: Oxford, 1998), 112, 211–19.

63. William M. Wiecek,
The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760–1848
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977), 67.

64. Ibid.

65. Finkleman, “States’ Rights North and South,” passim.

66. William W. Freehling, “The Founding Fathers: Conditional Antislavery and the Nonradicalization of the American Revolution,” in Freehling, ed.,
The Reintegration of American History: Slavery and the Civil War
(New York: Oxford, 1994), 12–31.

67. Ellis,
Founding Brothers
, 93.

68. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 188.

69. Urofsky,
March of Liberty
, I:95–96; Wood,
Creation of the American Republic
, 533–35.

70. Main,
Anti-Federalists
, viii–x.

71. Wood,
Creation of the American Republic
, 533–35.

72. Beard,
Economic Interpretation of the Constitution
, passim.

73. Forrest McDonald,
We the People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958); Robert McGuire and Robert L. Ohsfeldt, “An Economic Model of Voting Behavior Over Specific Issues at the Constitutional Convention of 1787,”
Journal of Economic History
, 46, March 1986, 79–111; and their earlier article “Economic Interests and the American Constitution: A Quantitative Rehabilitation of Charles A. Beard,” ibid., 44, 1984, 509–20. See also Richard B. Morris, “The Confederation Period and the American Historian,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd series, 13, 1956, 139–56.

74. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, chap. 2, discusses these issues at length.

75. M. Stanton Evans,
The Theme Is Freedom: Religion, Politics, and the American Tradition
(Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1994), 101.

76. George Bancroft,
History of the United States of America
, vol. 6 (New York: D. Appleton, 1912), 44–59.

77. Wood,
Creation of the American Republic
, 522.

78. Ibid., 537.

79. “Centinel” quoted in Michael Allen, “Anti-Federalism and Libertarianism,” Reason Papers, 7, Spring 1981, 85.

80. Jonathan Elliot,
The Debates of the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution
, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1859), 44–46.

81. Clinton Rossiter, ed.,
The Federalist Papers
(New York: Signet, 1961).

82. Paul Goodman, “The First American Party System,” in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds.,
The American Party Systems
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 56–89.

83. Charles Calomiris, “Alexander Hamilton,” in Larry Schweikart, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Business and Economic History: Banking and Finance to 1913
(New York: Facts on File, 1990), 239–48.

84. Bancroft,
History of the United States
, 6:380.

85. Main,
The Anti-Federalists
, 187–249.

86. R. Kent Newmeyer, “John Marshall and the Southern Constitutional Tradition,” in Kermit L. Hall and James W. Ely Jr., eds.,
An Uncertain Tradition: Constitutionalism and the History of the South
(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 105–24 (quotation on 115).

87. Allen, “Antifederalism and Libertarianism,” 86–87.

88. Wood,
Creation of the American Republic
, 542–43.

89. Robert A. Rutland, ed.,
The Papers of James Madison
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 10:208; W. Cleon Skousen,
The Making of America
(Washington, D.C.: The National Center for Constitutional Studies, 1985), 5.

90. Sol Bloom,
The Story of the Constitution
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Sesquicentennial Commission, 1937), 43.

91. Stephen P. Halbrook,
That Every Man Be Armed: The Evolution of a Constitutional Right
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984).

92.
Urofsky
, March of Liberty, I:108–10.

93. Ellis,
Founding Brothers
, 216.

 

Chapter 5. Small Republic, Big Shoulders, 1789–1815

1. Ralph Ketcham,
Presidents Above Party: The First American Presidency
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Glenn A. Phelps,
George Washington and American Constitutionalism
(Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1993); Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick,
The Age of Federalism
(New York: Oxford, 1993); and John C. Miller,
The Federalist Era
,
1789–1801
(New York: Harper, 1960).

2. Goldfield, et al., American Journey, 226.

3. See http://etc.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/freneau_philip.html for a brief biography of Freneau and Philip M. Marsh,
Philip Freneau, Poet and Journalist
(Minneapolis: Dillon Press, 1967).

4. Joseph J. Ellis,
Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation
(New York: Vintage, 2002), 126.

5. Ibid., 121, 126.

6. Ibid., 121.

7. Douglas Southall Freeman,
George Washington, a Biography
(New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1948–1957).

8. Leonard C. White,
The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History
(New York: Macmillan, 1948); Marcus Cunliffe,
George Washington
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1958).

9. John E. Ferling,
John Adams, A Life
(New York: Henry Holt, 1996); Gilbert Chinard,
Honest John Adams
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1933); Joseph J. Ellis,
Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2001).

10. L. H. Butterfield, ed.,
John Adams, Diary and Autobiography
(Cambridge: Belknap, 1961) allows Adams to speak for himself.

11. Adrienne Koch,
Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration
(London: Oxford, 1964); Irving Brant,
James Madison
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941).

12. Paul Johnson,
A History of the American People
(New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 211.

13. Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and His Time
, 5 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948–1981); Noble Cunningham Jr.,
In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987); Merrill Peterson,
Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography
(New York: Oxford, 1970). A good overview of recent scholarship on Jefferson appears in Peter S. Onuf, “The Scholars’ Jefferson,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 3d series, 50, October 1993, 671–99.

14. Thomas Jefferson,
Notes on the State of Virginia
(Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1829).

15. Larry Schweikart,
The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States
(Fort Worth: Harcourt, 2000), 64–67.

16. The Sally Hemings controversy, which erupted again in the 1990s when DNA tests showed that descendants had the DNA of the Jefferson family, remains clouded, and even the new tests do not establish Jefferson’s paternity. Among the different views in the recent disputes, see Douglas L. Wilson, “Thomas Jefferson and the Character Issue,”
Atlantic Monthly
, November 1992, 57–74; Scot A. French and Edward L. Ayers, “The Strange Career of Thomas Jefferson: Race and Slavery in American Memory, 1943–1993,” in Peter S. Onuf, ed.,
Jeffersonian Legacies
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), 418–56; Lucia Stanton, “Those Who Labor for my Happiness: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves,” ibid., 147–80; and Paul Finkleman, “Jefferson and Slavery: Treason Against the Hopes of the World,” ibid., 181–221.