A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (175 page)

45. Norma Lois Peterson,
The Presidencies of William Henry Harrison & John Tyler
(Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1989), 32.

46. Ibid., 45.

47. Edwin S. Corwin,
The President: Office and Powers, 1787–1957
(New York: New York University Press, 1957).

48. Dan Monroe,
The Republican Vision of John Tyler
(College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 2002).

49. Bernard Bailyn, et al.,
The Great Republic: A History of the American People
(New York: D. C. Heath, 1985), 398.

50. Frederick Merk,
Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History
(New York: Vintage, 1963), 46.

51. James D. Richardson,
A Compiliation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents
, vol. 3 (New York: Bureau of National Literature, 1897), 2225.

52. Paul K. Davis,
100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present
(New York: Oxford, 1999), 309; James Pohl,
The Battle of San Jacinto
(Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1989).

53. Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge,
Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier
, 6th ed. (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2001), 143.

54. Carol Berkin, et al.
Making America
, 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1999), 383.

55. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 1:607.

56. John Quincy Adams,
The Diary of John Quincy Adams, 1794–1845
, Allan Nevins, ed. (New York: Longmans, Green, 1928), 573–74, February 27 and 28, 1845.

57. Billington and Ridge,
Westward Expansion
, 232; Richard R. Stenberg, “The Failure of Polk’s Mexican War Intrigue of 1845,”
Pacific Historical Review
, 1, 1935, 39–68; Ramon Ruiz,
The Mexican War: Was it Manifest Destiny?
(Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press, 1963), 68–69; Justin H. Smith,
The War With Mexico
, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1919); Samuel Flagg Bemis,
A Diplomatic History of the United States
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1955).

58. Horace Greeley, New York
Tribune
, May 12, 1846.

59. Jim R. McClellan,
Historical Moments
(Guilford, CT: McGraw-Hill, 2000), I:23.

60. James K. Polk,
Polk: The Diary of a President, 1843–1849
, Milo Milton Quaife, ed. (Chicago: A. C. Clung, 1910), 437–38.

61. Robert W. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 334.

62. Robert P. Ludlum, “The Antislavery ‘Gag-Rule’: History and Argument,”
Journal of Negro History
, 26, 1941, 203–43.

63. Ibid., 229.

64. David M. Potter,
The Impending Crisis
, completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1976), 20.

65. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 341.

66. Ibid.

67. Ibid.

68. Henry W. Halleck,
Elements of Military Art and Science
(New York: Appleton, 1862), 414.

69. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 3.

70. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 358; Winfield Scott,
Memoirs of Lieut. Gen. Scott, LLD, Written by Himself
, 2 vols. (New York: Sheldon, 1864), II:425.

71. New York
Sun
, May 15, 1846.

72. Brooklyn
Eagle
, June 29, 1846.

73. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 6.

74. Robert J. Loewenberg,
Equality on the Oregon Frontier: Jason Lee and the Methodist Mission
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976).

 

Chapter 8. The House Dividing, 1848–60

1. Wire service report from Alexandria
Gazette
and Virginia
Advertiser
, October 18, 1859.

2. Chicago
Press and Tribune
, October 21, 1859, in Richard Warch and Jonathon Fanton, eds.,
John Brown
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Spectrum Books, 1973), 119–20.

3. New York
Tribune
, December 3, 1859.

4. C. Vann Woodward,
The Burden of Southern History
(New York: Mentor Books, 1968), 43–44.

5. Stephen B. Oates,
To Purge This Land with Blood: A Biography of John Brown
(New York: Harper & Row, 1970), 331–33.

6. Garrison writing in
The Liberator
, December 16, 1859.

7. Wendell Phillips, speech of November 1, 1859, in Louis Filler, ed.,
Wendell Phillips on Civil Rights and Freedom
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1963), 101–2.

8. Alexander B. Callow Jr.,
The Tweed Ring
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 52.

9. Ibid., 54.

10. Charles Loring Brace,
The Dangerous Classes and Twenty Years’ Work Among Them
(New York: Wynkoop and Hallenbeck, 1872).

11. Callow,
Tweed Ring
, 54.

12. Gustav Lening,
The Dark Side of New York, Life and Its Criminal Classes: From Fifth Avenue Down to the Five Points; a Complete Narrative of the Mysteries of New York
(New York: Frederick Gerhardt, 1873), 348; Edward Asbury,
The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927), 177.

13. Rudyard Kipling, “Across a Continent,” quoted in Johnson,
History of the American People
, 511.

14. Carol Berkin, et al.,
Making America: A History of the United States
, 2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 315, map 11.1.

15. Shirley Blumenthal and Jerome S. Ozer,
Coming to America: Immigrants from the British Isles
(New York: Dell, 1980), 89.

16. Thomas Sowell,
Ethnic America: A History
(New York: Basic Books, 1981), 22.

17. Carl Wittke,
The Irish in America
(New York: Russell and Russell, 1970), 23–24.

18. Callow,
Tweed Ring
, 65–66.

19. Blumenthal and Ozer,
Coming to America
, 90.

20. Stephan Thernstrom,
Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth Century City
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), 184–85.

21. Lawrence J. McCaffrey,
The Irish Diaspora in America
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976), 93.

22. Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
Beyond the Melting Pot
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1963), 224.

23. Ibid.

24. M. A. Jones,
American Immigration
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 155; Wittke,
Irish in America
, 154.

25. Virginia Brainard Kunz,
The Germans in America
(Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1966); Theodore Heubner,
The Germans in America
(Radnor, PA: Chilton, 1962).

26. Katherine Neils Conzen,
Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976); “German Immigration,” in Stanley Feldstein and Lawrence Costello, eds.
The Ordeal of Assimilation: A Documentary History of the White Working Class
(New York: Anchor Books, 1974).

27. Avery Craven,
The Coming of the Civil War
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942), 113.

28. Larry Schweikart,
Banking in the American South from the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction
(Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press), 87; Ted Worley, “Arkansas and the Money Crisis of 1836–1837,”
Journal of Southern History
, May 1949, 178–91 and “The Control of the Real Estate Bank of the State of Arkansas, 1836–1855,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, December 1950, 403–26.

29. Sowell,
Ethnic America
, 76–77; Frances Butwin,
The Jews in America
(Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1969).

30. Irving Howe,
World of Our Fathers
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 82.

31. Ervin L. Jordan Jr.,
Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), 8.

32. Jeremy Atack, and Peter Passell,
A New Economic View of American History
, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 305; Michael Tadaman,
Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders and Slaves in the Old South
(Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989).

33. James L. Huston, “Property Rights in Slavery and the Coming of the Civil War,”
Journal of Southern History
, 65, May 1999, 248–86.

34. Ibid., 262.

35. Ibid., 279.

36. Robert C. Puth,
American Economic History
(Chicago: Dryden Press, 1982), 192.

37. Atack and Passell,
A New Economic View of American History
, 315. For the economics of slavery, see Alfred Conrad and John Meyer, “The Economics of Slavery in the Antebellum South,”
Journal of Political Economy
, 66, 1958, 95–130; Robert Fogel,
Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery
, 4 vols. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989–1992); Eugene Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made
(New York: Pantheon, 1974); David Weiman, “Farmers and the Market in Antebellum America: A View from the Georgia Upcountry,”
Journal of Economic History
, 47, 1987, 627–48; Paul David, “Explaining the Relative Efficiency of Slave Agriculture in the Antebellum South: Comment,”
American Economic Review
, 69, 1979, 213–16; Robert W. Fogel and Stanley Engerman,
Time on the Cross
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1974).

38. Eric Foner,
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War
(New York: Oxford, 1995), 63.

39. Ibid., 62.

40. Gavin Wright,
Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War
(New York: Basic Books, 1986), table 2.4 on 27.

41. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips,
American Negro Slavery
(New York: D. Appleton Company, 1918), and his “The Economic Cost of Slave Holding in the Cotton Belt,”
Political Science Quarterly
, 20, 1905, 257–75; Charles Sydnor,
Slavery in Mississippi
(New York: Appleton-Century, 1933).

42. Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss,
A Deplorable Scarcity: The Failure of Industrialization in the Slave Economy
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981).

43. Jeffrey Rogers Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War
(Chicago: Open Court, 1996), 42.

44. John H. Moore, “Simon Gray, Riverman: A Slave Who Was Almost Free,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, 49, December 1962, 472–84.

45. Atack and Passell,
A New Economic View
, 337–39.

46. Leon Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
(New York: Vintage, 1979), 8.