A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (176 page)

47. Atack and Passell,
A New Economic View,
341–45; Robert A. Margo and Richard H. Steckel, “The Heights of American Slaves: New Evidence on Slave Nutrition and Health,”
Social Science History
, 6, 1982, 516–38.

48. Herbert Guttman,
The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1976).

49. Kenneth Stampp,
The Peculiar Institution
(New York: Knopf, 1956); Gavin Wright,
The Political Economy of the Cotton South
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1978); Robert Evans Jr., “The Economics of American Negro Slavery,” in
National Bureau for Economic Research, Aspects of Labor Economics
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962); Yasukichi Yasuba, “The Profitability and Viability of Plantation Slavery in the United States,” in Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman,
The Reinterpretation of American Economic History
(New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 362–68.

50. Fred Bateman, James Foust, and Thomas Weiss, “Profitability in Southern Manufacturing: Estimates for 1860,”
Explorations in Economic History
, 12, 1975, 211–31.

51. Mark Thornton, “Slavery, Profitability, and the Market Process,”
Review of Austrian Economics
, 7 (1994), 21–27, quotation on 23.

52. Thomas D. Morris,
Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Andrew Fede,
People Without Rights: An Interpretation of the Law of Slavery in the U.S. South
(New York: Garland, 1992).

53. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure,
170–72.

54. James G. Ramsdell, “The Natural Limits of Slavery Expansion,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
16, 1929, 151–71.

55. Claudia Goldin,
Urban Slavery in the Antebellum South
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); Richard C. Wade,
Slavery in the Cities: The South, 1820–1860
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1964); Robert S. Starobin,
Industrial Slavery in the Old South
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).

56. Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves,
23.

57. George Fitzhugh,
Cannibals All! Or, Slaves Without Masters
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard/ Belknap, 1960).

58. Harrison Berry,
Slavery and Abolitionism, as Viewed by a Georgia Slave
(Atlanta: M. Lynch, 1861), 7, 24–25, 28, 32–35, 37–46.

59. George Fitzhugh,
Sociology for the South: Or the Failure of Free Society
(Richmond: A Morris, 1854), 245.

60. Ibid., 30, 170, 179.

61. Robert J. Loewenberg,
Freedom’s Despots: The Critique of Abolition
(Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 1986).

62. Larry Schweikart, “Brothers in Chains: Emerson and Fitzhugh on Economic and Political Liberty,”
Reason Papers,
13, Spring 1988, 19–34.

63. Forrest G. Wood,
The Arrogance of Faith: Christianity and Race in America from the Colonial Era to the Twentieth Century
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 125.

64. Ibid.

65. Craven,
Coming of the Civil War,
120.

66. Michael P. Johnson, “Denmark Vesey and His Co-Conspirators,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 58, October 2001, 915–76, and responses, ibid., January 2002; Eugene D. Genovese,
From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the New World
(Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1979); George M. Frederickson and Christopher Lasch, “Resistance to Slavery,” in Allen Weinstein and Frank Otto Gatell, eds.,
American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader,
3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973).

67. Nat Turner,
The Confessions of Nat Turner, Leader of the Negro Insurrection in Southampton County, Virginia, Made to Thomas L. Gray
(Baltimore: Thomas R. Gray, 1831), 3–8.

68. Ibid.

69. City Ordinance of Washington, D.C., October 19, 1831, published in the Alexandria
Gazette,
October 26, 1831.

70. Ordinance published in the Maryland
Gazette
, October 20, 1831.

71. David Grimsted,
American Mobbing, 1828–1861
(New York: Oxford, 1998); Christopher Waldrep,
Roots of Disorder: Race and Criminal Justice in the American South, 1817–1880
(Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1998).

72. David Waldstreicher, “The Nationalization and Racialization of American Politics, 1790–1840,” in Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Badger,
Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000
(Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 37–64, quotation on 54.

73. Daniel Dorchester,
Christianity in the United States
(New York: Hunt & Eaton, 1895), 454.

74. Craven,
Coming of the Civil War
, 137.

75. Ibid., 137–138.

76. Michael F. Holt,
Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 269.

77. Ibid., 272.

78. Ibid.

79. Glyndon G. Van Deusen,
William Henry Seward
(New York: Oxford, 1967), 122–28.

80. Elbert B. Smith,
The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore
(Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1988).

81. Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves,
93.

82. Samuel J. May,
The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims
, rev. ed. (New York: American AntiSlavery Society, 1861), 15; Stanley W. Campbell,
The Slave Catchers: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970).

83. David M. Potter,
The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861.
Completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: Harper Torch Books, 1976), 132.

84. Craven,
Coming of the Civil War
, 323; Potter,
Impending Crisis,
132–33.

85. Craven,
Coming of the Civil War
, 323.

86. C. Vann Woodward, “The Antislavery Myth,”
American Scholar
, 31, 1962, 312–18; Charles L. Blockson,
The Underground Railroad
(New York: Berkeley, 1987).

87. Frank Luther Mott,
Golden Multitudes, The Story of Best Sellers in the United States
(New York: MacMillan, 1947); Edmund Wilson,
Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War
(New York: Oxford, 1962); Charles Edward Stowe,
Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1889).

88. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 140.

89. Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves
, 95.

90. Herbert Mitgang, ed.,
Abraham Lincoln; a Press Portrait: His Life and Times from the Original Newspaper Documents of the Union, the Confederacy and Europe
(Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971), 373.

91. Holt,
Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party,
572.

92. Roy F. Nichols,
The Democratic Machine, 1850–1854
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1932).

93. Johnson,
History of the American People,
425–26.

94. Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves,
96; William C. Davis,
Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 251.

95. Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves,
96.

96. See Stanley C. Urban, see the articles “The Ideology of Southern Imperialism: New Orleans and the Caribbean, 1845–1860,”
Louisiana Historical Quarterly
, 39, 1956, 48–73; “The Africanization of Cuba Scare, 1853–1855,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
, 37, 1957, 29–45.

97. Basil Rauch,
American Interest in Cuba
, 1848–1855 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1848); Charles H. Brown,
Agents of Manifest Destiny: The Lives and Times of the Filibuster
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); Joseph Allen Stout Jr.,
The Liberators: Filibustering Expeditions into Mexico, 1848–1862
(Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1973).

98. Nelson H. Loomis, “Asa Whitney, Father of Pacific Railroads,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Association Proceedings
, 6, 1912, 166–75, and Margaret L. Brown, “Asa Whitney and His Pacific Railroad Publicity Campaign,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 22, 1933–1934, 209–24.

99. James C. Malin, “The Proslavery Background of the Kansas Struggle,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, 10, 1923, 285–305 and his “The Motives of Stephen A. Douglas in the Organization of Nebraska Territory: A Letter Dated December 17, 1853,”
Kansas Historical Quarterly
, 19, 1951, 31–52; Frank H. Hodder, “The Railroad Background of the Kansas-Nebraska Act,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, 12, 1925, 3–22; Robert S. Cotterill, “Early Agitation for a Pacific Railroad, 1845–1850,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Revie
, 5, 1919, 396–414; and Roy F. Nichols, “The Kansas-Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, 43, 1956, 187–212, provides a good overview of historians’ assessments of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

100. Malin, “Motive of Stephen A. Douglas,” passim.

101. Robert W. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
(New York: Oxford, 1973).

102. William E. Parrish,
David Rice Atchison of Missouri: Border Politician
(Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1961), 161.

103. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 203.

104. Allan Nevins,
The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859
, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950), 1:164–65.

105. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 222.

106. Allan Nevins,
Ordeal of the Union
, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1947), 2:329–31.

107. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 252.

108. Ibid., 262.

109. John Bassett Moore, ed.,
The Works of James Buchanan: Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1908–1911), 10:88.

110. William M. Wiecek, “‘Old Times There Are Not Forgotten’: The Distinctiveness of the Southern Constitutional Experience,” in Kermit L. Hall and James W. Ely Jr., eds.,
An Uncertain Tradition: Constitutionalism and the History of the South
(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 159–97, quotation on 170.

111. James L. Huston,
The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).

112. Charles Calomiris and Larry Schweikart, “The Panic of 1857: Origins, Transmission, and Containment,”
Journal of Economic History
, 51, December 1991, 807–34.

113. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 434.

114. From Abraham Lincoln’s “House Divided” speech, June 16, 1858, in Roy P. Basler, ed.,
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, 8 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953), 2:465–66.