A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (177 page)

115. Nevins,
Emergence of Lincoln
, 174.

116. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 299.

117. Stephen Douglas, speech at Milwaukee, October 14, 1860, in the Chicago
Times and Herald
, October 17, 1860.

118. Nevins,
Emergence of Lincoln
, 239.

119. New Orleans
Picayune
of April 29, 1860.

120. Robert A. Johannsen, “Stephen A. Douglas, Popular Sovereignty, and the Territories,”
Historian
, 22, 1960, 378–95.

121. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 436.

122. Reinard H. Luthin, “Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff,”
American Historical Review
, 49, July 1944, 609–29, quotation on 610.

123. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 438.

124. David Donald,
Lincoln Reconsidered
(New York: Vintage, 1961), 37–56.

125. Stephen B. Oates,
With Malice Toward None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln
(New York: Mentor, 1977), 72.

126. Ibid.

127. Ibid., 71.

128. Richard N. Current,
The Lincoln Nobody Knows
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1958), 59.

129. Current,
Lincoln Nobody Knows
, 59.

130. Ibid., 59–60.

131. Ibid., 63.

132. Quoted in Current,
Lincoln Nobody Knows
, 65.

133. Ibid.

134. Louis A. Warren,
Lincoln’s Youth: Indiana Years, Seven to Twenty-One
(Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1959), 68–69, 233.

135. Henry B. Rankin,
Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916), 323.

136. Noah Brooks,
Scribner’s Monthly
, letter to the Reverend J. A. Reed, July 1893.

137. William J. Johnson,
Abraham Lincoln the Christian
(New York: Eaton & Mains, 1913), 172. Johnson quotes a “Lincoln Memorial Album” kept by O. H. Oldroyd, 1883, 336. Also see G. Frederick Owen,
Abraham Lincoln: The Man and His Faith
(Wheaton, L: Tyndale House Publishers, 1981), 86–91. Elton Trueblood
Abraham Lincoln: A Spiritual Biography, Theologian of American Anguish
(New York: Walker and Company, 1986), 130.

138. Current,
Lincoln Nobody Knows,
73.

139. Ronald C. White Jr., “Lincoln’s Sermon on the Mount,” in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds.,
Religion and the American Civil War
(New York: Oxford, 1998), 208–28; Philip Shaw Paludan,
A People’s Contest: The Union and Civil War, 1861–1865
(New York: Harper & Row, 1988); David Hein, “Lincoln’s Theology and Political Ethics,” in Kenneth Thompson, ed.,
Essays on Lincoln’s Faith and Politics
(Lathan, MD: University Press of America), 105–56; Reinhold Niebuhr, “The Religion of Abraham Lincoln,” in Allan Nevins, ed.,
Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address
(Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1964).

140. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 333.

141. Abraham Lincoln, “Speech Delivered at Springfield, Illinois, at the Close of the Republican State Convention by which Mr. Lincoln had been Named as their Candidate for United States Senator, June 16, 1858,” in T. Harry Williams, ed.,
Selected Writings and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln
(New York: Hendricks House, 1943), 53.

142. New York
Times
, June 23, 1857.

143. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 337.

144. Roy F. Nichols,
The Disruption of American Democracy
(New York: Free Press, 1948), 221.

145. Harry V. Jaffa,
Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).

146. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 342.

147. Basler,
Works of Lincoln
, vol. 3, 312–15.

148. Abraham Lincoln, “Mr. Lincoln’s Opening Speech in the Sixth Joint Debate, at Quincy, October 13, 1858,” in Williams,
Selected Writings and Speeches
, 74.

149. Basler,
Works of Lincoln
, 3:16 and 2:520.

150. Abraham Lincoln, “Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois, January 27, 1838,” in
Williams, Selected Writings and Speeches
, 8.

151. Ibid.

152. Philip Paludan,
The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
(Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1994).

153. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 389.

154. John G. Van Deusen,
The Ante-Bellum Southern Commercial Conventions
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1926), 56–69, 75–79; Herbert Wender,
Southern Commercial Conventions, 1837–1859
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1930), 177–81, 211–35, and
De Bow’s Review
, vols. 22–27, 1857–1859.

155. William L. Yancey’s speech in
De Bow’s Review
, 24, 1858, 473–91, 597–605.

156.
North American Review
, November 1886, “A Slave Trader’s Notebook”; Nevins,
Ordeal of the Union
, 435–437.

 

Chapter 9. The Crisis of the Union, 1860–65

1. John Witherspoon Du Bose,
The Life and Times of William Lowndes Yancey
, 2 vols. (Birmingham, Alabama: Roberts and Son, 1892), 2: 457–60.

2. David M. Potter,
The Impending Crisis: 1848–1861.
Completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: Harper Torch Books, 1976), 422.

3. Reinard H. Luthin, “Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff,”
American Historical Review
, 49, July 1944, 609–29.

4. Allan Nevins,
The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859
, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1950), 2:316.

5. Jeffrey Rogers Hummell,
Emancipating Slaves: Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War
(Chicago: Open Court, 1996), 131.

6. Horace Greeley,
The American Conflict
, 2 vols. (Hartford: O. D. Case, 1864), 1:380.

7. Nevins,
Emergence of Lincoln
, 328.

8. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 496.

9. Nevins,
Emergence of Lincoln
, 2:321.

10. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 458.

11. William C. Davis,
Jefferson Davis
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 258.

12. Richard Bensel,
Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central Authority in America, 1859–1877
(New York: Cambridge, 1990), 133.

13. Ibid.

14. Nevins,
Emergence of Lincoln
, 330.

15. E. L. Harvin, “Arkansas and the Crisis of 1860–61,” manuscript at the University of Texas.

16. Weicek, “‘Old Times There Are Not Forgotten,’” 173.

17. Roger W. Shugg,
Origins of Class Struggle in Louisiana: A Social History of White Farmers and Laborers During Slavery and After, 1840–1875
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1939), 167.

18. Broadside, Jefferson Davis Papers, University Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.

19. Ibid. See also Charles H. Wesley, “The Employment of Negroes as Soldiers in the Confederate Army,”
Journal of Negro Histor
, 4, July 1919, 239–53.

20. William J. Davis,
Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 495.

21. Marie Hochmuth Nichols, “Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address,” in J. Jeffery Auer, ed.,
Antislavery and Disunion, 1858–1861: Studies in the Rhetoric of Compromise and Conflict
(New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 392–414.

22. Davis,
Jefferson Davis
, 325; Richard N. Current,
Lincoln and the First Shot
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1963). For interpretations of the Civil War, see Thomas J. Pressly,
Americans Interpret Their Civil War
(New York: Free Press, 1962 [1954]); Kenneth M. Stampp, “Lincoln and the Strategy of Defense in the Crisis of 1861,”
Journal of Southern History
11, 1945, 297–323; James G. Randall,
Lincoln the President
, 4 vols. (New York: Dodd Mead, 1945–1955); Eba Anderson Lawton,
Major Robert Anderson and Fort Sumter
(New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1911).

23. Allan Nevins,
The War for the Union: The Improvised War, 1861–1862
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1959), 87.

24. Richard N. Current,
Lincoln’s Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992).

25. Virgil A. Lewis,
How West Virginia Was Made
(Charleston, West Virginia: News-Mail Company, 1909).

26. Nevins,
War for the Union,
146–47; Daniel W. Crofts,
Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis
(Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1989).

27. Current,
Lincoln’s Loyalists
, 4.

28. Mark Twain, “The Private History of a Campaign That Failed,” in Justin Kaplan, ed.,
Great Short Works of Mark Twain
(New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 145.

29. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 458–59.

30. Boyer, et al,
The Enduring Vision
, 408.

31. Twain, “Private History,” 147–51.

32. James G. Randall,
The Civil War and Reconstruction
(Boston: D. C. Heath, 1937), 265.

33. Ibid.

34. Official Records of the War of the Rebellion (henceforth called OR), 70 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880–1891), 3:i and 303.

35. Nevins,
War for the Union
, 108–9.

36.
Harper’s Magazine
, September 1855, 552–55.

37. Richard G. Beringer, et al, eds.,
Why the South Lost the Civil War
(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1986); Richard N. Current,
Why the North Won the Civil War
(New York: Colier, 1962); David Donald, ed.,
Why the North Won the Civil War
(Westport, CT: PaperBook Press, 1993).

38. Grady McWhiney and Perry D. Jamieson,
Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage
(University, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1982).

39. Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, “The Antebellum Southern Herdsman: A Reinterpretation,”
Journal of Southern History
, 41, 1975, 147–66.

40. McWhiney and Jamieson,
Attack and Die
, 6.

41. Bernard DeVoto,
The Year of Decision
,
1846
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1943), 203, 284.

42. McWhiney and Jamieson,
Attack and Die
, 7.