A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (181 page)

31. Paul Wallace Gates,
Free Homesteads for all Americans: The Homestead Act of 1862
(Washington, Civil War Centennial Commission, 1962); David M. Ellis et al.,
The Frontier in American Developments: Essays in Honor of Paul Wallace Gates
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969); David B. Danbom,
Born in the Country: A History of Rural America
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); Morton Rothstein, ed.,
Quantitative Studies in Agrarian History
(Ames Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1993).

32. Wayne Broehl Jr.,
John Deere’s Company: A History of Deere and Company and Its Times
(New York: Doubleday, 1984); Oliver E. Allen, “Bet-A-Million,”
Audacity
, Fall 1996, 18–31; Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, 63–65.

33. John T. Schlebecker,
Whereby We Thrive: A History of American Farming, 1607–1972
(Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1975).

34. Gerald McFarland,
A Scattered People: An American Family Moves West
(New York: Pantheon, 1985).

35. Johnson,
A History of the American People
, 515.

36. Larry Schweikart, “John Warne Gates,” in Paul Pascoff, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Iron and Steel in the 19th Century
(New York: Facts on File, 1989), 146–47.

37. Andrew C. Isenberg,
The Destruction of the Bison
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

38. Isenberg,
Destruction of the Bison
, 23; Shepard Kretch III,
The Ecological Indian: Myth and History
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 106.

39. Kretch,
Ecological Indian
, 213.

40. Isenberg,
Destruction of the Bison
, passim.

41. Frank Gilbert Roe,
The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951), 609.

42. Edwin Thompson Denig,
Five Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri: Sioux, Arikaras, Assiniboines, Crees, Crows
, ed. John C. Dwers (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961), 79.

43. Kretch,
Ecological Indian
, 128.

44. Isenberg,
Destruction of the Bison
, 84.

45. Alfred W. Crosby,
Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); William Cronon,
Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1983).

46. The million-dollar figure includes all related expenses. Bernard Bailyn et al.,
The Great Republic: A History of the American People
(Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1985), 522.

47. Helen Hunt Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government’s Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1903 [1885]).

48. Richard White, “The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the 18th and 19th Centuries,”
Journal of American History
, September 1978, 319–43.

49. Paul A. Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
(Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1985).

50. Evan S. Connell,
Son of the Morning Star: Custer and the Little Bighorn
(San Francisco: North Point Press, 1984), 127.

51. Robert G. Athern,
William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West
(Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956).

52. Connell,
Son of the Morning Star
, 127.

53. Robert A. Trennert,
Alternative to Extinction: Federal Indian Policy and the Beginnings of the Reservation System
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1975); Francis Paul Prucha,
The Great Father
(Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1984); Bernard W. Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973).

54. Schwantes,
Pacific Northwest
, 568.

55. Robert M. Utley,
Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891
(New York: Macmillan, 1973).

56. Connell,
Son of the Morning Star
, 126.

57. Clyde Milner, “National Initiatives” in Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A O’Connor, and Martha Sandweiss, eds.,
The Oxford History of the American West
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 174.

58. Ray Allen Billington,
Westward Expansion
(New York: McMillan, 1974), 570.

59. J. W. Vaughn,
Indian Fights: New Facts on Seven Encounters
(Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966).

60. Alexander B. Adams,
Sitting Bull: An Epic of the Plains
(New York: Putnam, 1973); Joseph Mazione,
I Am Looking to the North for My Life: Sitting Bull, 1876–1881
(Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991).

61. John W. Bailey,
Pacifying the Plains: General Alfred Terry and the Decline of the Sioux, 1866–1890
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979).

62. Doane Robinson, ed., “Crazy Horse’s Story of the Custer Battle,”
South Dakota Historical Collections
, vol. 6 (1912); Edgar I. Stewart, “Which Indian Killed Custer?”
Montana: The Magazine of Western History
, vol. 8 (1958).

63. Robert M. Utley,
The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull
(New York: Holt, 1993).

64. Robert Utley,
The Last Days of the Sioux Nation
(New Haven: Yale, 1963); James Mooney,
The Ghost Dance: Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965).

65. Alyn Brodsky,
Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character
(New York: Truman Talley, 2000), 139.

66. Brodsky,
Grover Cleveland
, 139.

67. Peter Micelmore, “Uprising in Indian Country,”
Reader’s Digest
, reprint, November 1984; Andrew E. Serwer, “American Indians Discover Money Is Power,”
Fortune
, reprint from Choctaw tribe, April 19, 1993.

68. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, 575–76.

69. Kent D. Richards,
Isaac Ingalls Stevens: Young Man in a Hurry
(Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1979), passim.

70. Leonard J. Arrington,
The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-Day Saints
(New York: Vintage, 1979), and his
Great Basin Kingdom
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958).

71. Ken Verdoia and Richard Firmage,
Utah: The Struggle for Statehood
(Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1996).

72. Howard R. Lamar,
The Far Southwest, 1846–1912
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966).

73. Victoria Wyatt, “Alaska and Hawaii,” in Milner, ed.,
Oxford History of the American West
, 565–601.

74. Noel J. Kent,
Hawaii: Islands Under the Influence
(New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983).

75. Harry N. Scheiber, “The Road to Munn,” in Bernard Bailyn and Donald Fleming,
Perspectives in American History: Law in American History
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); Robert C. McMath Jr.,
American Populism: A Social History
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1993).

76. Jeremy Atack and Fred Bateman, “How Long was the Workday in 1880?”
Journal of Economic History
, March 1992, 129–60; Robert Whaples, “The Great Decline in the Length of the Workweek,” working paper, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1988; Albert Rees,
Real Wages in Manufacturing
, 1890–1914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961); Clarence D. Long,
Wages and Earnings in the United States, 1860–1890
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960).

77. Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz,
A Monetary History of the United States, 1863–1960
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963).

78. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, chap. 5; Jac C. Heckelman and John Joseph Wallis, “Railroads and Property Taxes,”
Explorations in Economic History
, 34 (1997), 77–99; Albro Martin, “The Troubled Subject of Railroad Regulation in the Gilded Age—a Reappraisal,”
Journal of American History
, September 1974, 339–71; George H. Miller,
Railroads and the Granger Laws
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971); Jack Blicksilver,
The Defenders and Defense of Big Business in the United States, 1880–1900
(New York: Garland, 1985).

79. George B. Tindall, “Populism: A Semantic Identity Crisis,”
Virginia Quarterly Review
, 48, 1972, 501–18.

80. William Jennings Bryan, “Cross of Gold,” July 9, 1896, in A. Craig Baird,
American Public Address
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956), 194–200.

81. Richard Hofstadter,
The Age of Reform, From Bryan to F.D.R.
(New York: Knopf, 1955).

Chapter 12. Sinews of Democracy, 1876–96

1. H. Wayne Morgan,
From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896
(Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1969), 15–16.

2. Morgan,
From Hayes to McKinley
, 31.

3. Gillon and Matson,
American Experiment
, 774.

4. Morgan,
From Hayes to McKinley
, 39.

5. Ari Hoogenboom,
Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President
(Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 366.

6. Morgan,
From Hayes to McKinley
, 33.

7. Ibid., 56.

8. Ibid., 117.

9. Justus D. Doenecke,
The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur
(Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1981).

10. See the Lincoln family website, http://home. att. net/~rjnorton/Lincoln66.html.

11. James C. Clark,
The Murder of James A. Garfield: The President’s Last Days and the Trial and Execution of His Assassin
(Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1993).

12. John G. Sproat,
The Best Men: Liberal Reformers in the Gilded Age
(New York: Oxford, 1968).

13. Harry Elmer Barnes,
Society in Transition: Problems of a Changing Age
(New York: Prentice-Hall, 1939), 448.

14. Barnes,
Society in Transition
, 449.

15. Ibid.

16. William P. Mason,
Water-Supply
(New York: Wiley and Sons, 1897), 466.

17. Earle Lytton Waterman,
Elements of Water Supply Engineering
(New York: Wiley and Sons, 1934), 6; Martin V. Melosi,
The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).