A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (186 page)

35. See Michael Beschloss,
The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002).

36. Ironically, as Ladislas Farago discovered, the Germans actually had obtained a Norden bombsight earlier through spies, but then forgot about it. See
The Game of the Foxes: The Untold Story of German Espionage in the United States and Great Britain During World War II
(New York: D. McKay, 1972 [1971]).

37. William Green,
Famous Bombers of the Second World War
(Garden City, NY: Hanover House, 1959), 24–36.

38. Mark Clodfelter,
The Limits of Air Power: The American Bombing of North Vietnam
(New York: Free Press, 1989), 9; Everest E. Riccioni, “Strategic Bombing: Always a Myth,” U.S Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1996, 49–53; Melden E. Smith Jr., “The Strategic Bombing Debate: The Second World War and Vietnam,”
Journal of Contemporary History
, 12 (1977), 175–91.

39. Cornelius Ryan,
The Longest Day
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1959).

40. Dunnigan and Nofi,
Dirty Little Secrets
, 284.

41. Roger Daniels,
Concentration Camps, USA: Japanese Americans and World War II
(Malabar, Florida: Kruger Publishing Co., 1981).

42. Jordan and Litwack,
United States
, 708.

43. Ibid.

44. Ted Lawson,
Thirty Seconds over Tokyo
, ed. Robert Considine (New York: Random House, 1943).

45. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 2:1347.

46. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 797.

47. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 2:1349.

48. Ibid., 2:1350; Stephen E. Ambrose,
D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).

49. Ambrose,
D-Day
, 190.

50. Ibid., 583.

51. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 804.

52. Stephen E. Ambrose,
Band of Brothers
(New York: Pocketbooks, 1992), 233.

53. Robert E. Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History
, 2 vols. (New York: Putnam’s, 1950), I:387–423; Johnson,
History of the American People
, 790.

54. Terry Anderson,
The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War, 1944–1947
(Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1981), 4.

55. Andrew,
Sword and the Shield
, 133.

56. Victor Davis Hanson,
The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to Present Day, How Three Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny
(New York: Free Press, 1999), 275.

57. Johnson,
Modern Times
, 414.

58. Ron Rosenbaum,
Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil
(New York: Random House, 1998), 211.

59. Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel,
Heinrich Himmler
(New York: Putnam, 1965), 118–19.

60. Arthur D. Morse,
While Six Million Died: A Chronicle of Apathy
(New York: Ace, 1968), 14.

61. Ibid., 25.

62. Johnson,
Modern Times
, 420.

63. David S. Wyman,
The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945
(New York: Pantheon, 1984) and his
Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941
(Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968).

64. Morse,
While Six Million Died
, 48.

65. Wyman,
Abandonment of the Jews
, x.

66. Ibid., xi.

67. Alfred Steinberg,
The Man from Missouri: The Life and Times of Harry S. Truman
(New York: Putnam, 1952), 301.

68. James Forrestal,
The Forrestal Diaries
, ed. Walter Millis with the collaboration of E. S. Duffield (New York: Viking, 1951), 344, 346, 348.

69. Richard B. Frank,
Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire
(New York: Penguin Books, 1999), 131.

70. Frank,
Downfall
, 132.

71. Akira Iriye,
Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941–1945
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981).

72. Robert Leckie,
Strong Men Armed: The United States Marines Against Japan
(New York: Random House, 1962), 189.

73. Alan Axelrod,
America’s Wars
(New York: John Wiley, 2002), 411.

74. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 775.

75. Victor Davis Hanson,
Ripples of Battle: How Wars of the Past Still Determine How We Fight, How We Live, and How We Think
(New York: Doubleday, 2003), 19–60.

76. Sadao Asada, “The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan’s Decision to Surrender—a Reconsideration,”
Pacific Historical Review
, 67 (November 1998), 477–512.

77. Ibid., 511.

78. Frank,
Downfall
, 161.

79. Ibid., 261.

80. Jordan and Litwack,
United States
, 724.

81. John Toland,
The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire
(New York: Bantam, 1970), 862fn.

82. Ambrose,
Band of Brothers
, 387.

83. Robert A. Pape, “Why Japan Surrendered,”
International Security
, Fall 1993, 154–201.

84. Barton J. Bernstein, “A Postwar Myth: 500,000 U.S. Lives Saved,”
Bulletin of Atomic Scientists
, 42, June/July 1986, 38–40, referring to JWPC 369/1 “Details of the Campaign against Japan,” June 15, 1945, ABC File 384, RG 319, National Archives.

85. Robert James Maddox, “The ‘Postwar Creation’ Myth,”
Continuity
, 24 (Fall 2000), 11–29.

86. Edward J. Dreas,
MacArthur’s Ultra: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan
(Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1992), 222.

87. Frank,
Downfall
, 29.

88. Asada, “The Shock of the Atomic Bomb,” passim.

89. John Toland,
The Rising Sun
(New York: Bantam, 1970), 894–95.

90. Johnson,
Modern Times
, 426.

91. Frank,
Downfall
, 296.

92. William Verity, interview with the author, quoted for inclusion in
Marriage of Steel: The Life and Times of William and Peggy Verity
(Indianapolis, IN: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2000).

93. Paul Boyer,
By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age
(New York: Pantheon, 1985), 23.

94. Merle Miller,
Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman
(New York: Berkeley, 1974), 248; Peter Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer, Shatterer of Worlds
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), 180.

95. Boyer,
By the Bomb’s Early Light
, 193.

96. Edward F. L. Russell,
The Knights of Bushido: The Shocking History of Japanese War Atrocities
(New York: Berkeley, 1959 [1958]).

 

Chapter 18. America’s “Happy Days,” 1946–59

1. Arthur Herman,
Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America’s Most Hated Senator
(New York: Free Press, 1990), 39.

2.
U.S. News & World Report
, November 15, 1946, 34.

3. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin,
Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
(New York: Basic Books, 1999), 111.

4. Joseph W. Martin,
My First Fifty Years in Politics
, as told to Robert J. Donovan (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960), 190.

5. Salvador de Madriaga,
The Anatomy of the Cold War
(Belfast, Ireland: M. Boyd, 1955); Gunter Lewy,
The Cause That Failed: Communism in American Political Life
(New York: Oxford, 1990).

6. Richard J. Walton,
Henry Wallace, Harry Truman, and the Cold War
(New York: Viking, 1976), 63–64.

7. Ibid; Robert James Maddox,
From War to Cold War
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989).

8. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Sword and the Shield
, 114.

9. Robert Higgs, analysis online at http://www. independent. org/tii/content/pubs/review/ TIR14higgs. html.

10. Harry R. Borowski,
A Hollow Threat: Strategic Air Power and Containment Before Korea
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982).

11. Timothy Botti,
Ace in the Hole: Why the United States Did Not Use Nuclear Weapons in the Cold War, 1945–1965
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996).

12. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 837; Samuel Eliot Morison,
The Two-Ocean War
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 1046.

13. Johnson,
Modern Times
, 434.

14. Ibid., 438.

15. Daniel Yergin,
The Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), 247.

16. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 797.

17. Yergin,
Shattered Peace
, 188.

18. Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev,
The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America, the Stalin Era
(New York: Random House, 1999); Harvey Klehr and John Earl Haynes,
The American Communist Movement: Storming Heaven Itself
(New York: Twayne, 1992).

19. John C. Culver and John Hyde,
American Dreamer: A Life of Henry A. Wallace
(Boston: W. W. Norton, 2000).

20. Yergin,
Shattered Peace
, 245.

21. Ibid., 246.

22. John Morton Blum,
The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace
(Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1973), 589–601; Yergin,
Shattered Peace
, 253–54.

23. Herman,
Joseph McCarthy
, 80.

24. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Sword and the Shield
, 106–9.

25. Martin Weil,
A Pretty Good Club: The Founding Fathers of the U.S. Foreign Service
(New York: Norton, 1978), 171.

26. George F. Kennan (“Mr. X”), “Sources of Soviet Conduct,”
Foreign Affairs
, July 1947, 566–82.

27. Yergin,
Shattered Peace
, 323.

28. Divine, et al.,
America: Past and Present
, 877.

29. Jeffrey Hart,
When the Going Was Good! American Life in the Fifties
(New York: Crown, 1982), 63.

30. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 817.

31. Divine,
America: Past and Present
, 881.