A World at Arms (232 page)

144
See Sidney J. Alderman, “Negotiating on War Crimes Prosecutions, 1945,” in Raymond Dennett and Joseph E. Johnson (eds.),
Negotiating with the Russians
(Boston: World Peace Foundation, 195 I), pp. 49–98.

145
WM(45) War Cabinet 43(45), 12 Apr. 1945, PRO, CAB 65/50.

146
WM(45) War Cabinet 57(45), 3 May 1945, ibid.

147
Ziemke,
The U.S. Army,
pp. 416ff.

148
Kase (Bern) to Tokyo No. 329 of 27 Mar. 1945, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 95469 (a very rare comment on the translation of 31 Mar. suggests that the Minister may be putting his own
thoughts into the mouth of a German, SRDJ 95472); Kase No. 565 of 11 May 1945, SRDJ 113581–82.

149
“Magic Far East Summary,” No. 14, 4 May 1945, NA, RG 457, SRS 381–410; Pacific Strategic Intelligence Center, “Japanese Reaction to German Defeat,” 21 May 1945, SRH-07S, f. 4–5, 7–1 I; Pacific Strategic Intelligence Center, “Japanese-Portuguese Relations and the ‘Macao Problem’,” SRH-076, f. 11–12; Tokyo Circular No. 456 to Moscow, 2 May 1945, SRDJ 99502–3.

150
it is the only one for which the three major Allies have published their documents. The two volumes of U.S. documents appeared in 1960
(FRUS: Conferences at Berlin (potsdam)
1945). Preliminary publications of Soviet documents were issued in 1965 and 1967; these are included in Alexander Fischer (ed.),
Teheran Jalta Potsdam: Die sowjetischen Protokolle
von den Kriegskonferenzen der “Crossen Drei”
(Cologne: Verlag Wissenschaft & Politik, 1968), pp. 199–410. A fuller publication of Soviet documents appeared in 1984 as Vol. 6 of a series on international conferences during the war; a German edition was issued in 1986 as
Die Sowjet Union aufinternationalen Kon[erenzen während des Crossen Vaterländischen
Krieges
1941
tis
1945, Vol. 6:
Die Potsdamer (Berliner) Konferenz
(Berlin: Straatsverlag der vol. 1:
The Conference at Potsdam July-August
1945 (London: HMSO, 1984). See also Gilbert,
Churchill,
8: chap. 5.

151
Note the entries in Truman’s Diary for 19 and 21 May 1945: Ferrell,
Off the Record,
pp. 29, 34.

152
Truman Diary 17 July 1945, ibid., p. 53.

153
Harry S. Truman to Bess Truman, 18 July 1945, Robert H. Ferrell (ed.),
Dear Bess: The
Letters from Harry Truman to Bess Truman
1910–1959
(New York: Norton, 1983), p. 519. See also his letter of 22 July (ibid., p. 521), referring to some disagreements, “but I have already what I came for."

154
Roosevelt memorandum for the Secretary of State, 20 Oct. 1944,
FRUS, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta 1945
, p. 158.

155
Ibid., p. 159; Memorandum of Conversation 15 Nov. 1944, ibid., p. 172; Memorandum for Stettinius, 4 Dec. 1944, ibid., p. 174.

156
Roosevelt to Secretary of State, 29 Sep. 1944, ibid., p. 155.

157
Stalin had raised the question of Italian colonies with Truman at their first meeting on July 17 (Ferrell,
Off the Record,
p. 53; Soviet Potsdam collection, 6: No.2) (see n. 150).

158
On Hopkins’s trip, see Anderson,
The United States,
pp. 67–68; Mc Jimsey,
Harry Hopkins,
pp. 380–88.

159
Truman Diary, 18 July 1945, Ferrell,
Off the Record,
pp. 53–54.

160
Truman Diary, 25 July 1945, ibid., pp. 55–56.

161
Ibid., p. 56.

1
Note Dill to Mountbatten, 12 Oct. 1944, PRO, CAB 106/329, Dill file 30/15.

2
Holmes,
Double-Edged Secrets,
p. 204. On British fleet operations in the later and the final stages of the Pacific War, see Roskill,
War at Sea,
3: 330–35, 341–54, 373–75; Merrill Bartless and Robert W. Love, “Anglo-American Naval Diplomacy and the British Pacific fleet 1942-1945,”
American Neptune
42 (1982), 203–16.

3
On this scheme, see the documents in PRO, AIR 8/814, 1284–85, 1288.

4
Churchill’s Personal Minute D 203/4 to General Ismay, PRO, PREM 3/160/5, and his Personal Minute D (c) 7/4, “War Against Japan,” 12 Sep. 1944, PREM 3/160/6.

5
On the United Kingdom and Canada, see WM(44) No. 123 of 18 Sep. 1944, PRO, CAB
65/47;
documents in AIR 8/1174 and AIR 20/2981; on Australia, see AIR 8/1175–76; on New Zealand, AIR 8/1178; on South Africa, AIR 8/1177. There was also discussion
of French forces, see Brooke Diary, 23 Nov. 1944, Liddell Hart Centre, Alanbrooke Papers, and Vigneras,
Rearming the French,
chap. 24. A useful early summary in COS(44) 408(0), Revised Final War Cabinet COS Committee, “British Commonwealth Forces for the Far East,” 10 May 1944, PREM 3/160/2.

6
Note the treatment of what London read as a peace feeler from Japan; WM(44) War Cabinet 125, 25 Sep. 1944, PRO, CAB 65/43; Foreign Office memorandum, 25 Sep. 1944, F 4370/208/23, FO 371/41804’ The latter document refers to Japanese anxiety for a German-Soviet peace “of which we have very much secret evidence,” undoubtedly a reference to intercepts.

7
M. Hamlin Cannon,
Leyte: The Return to the Philippines
(Washington: GPO, 1954), p. 367, cites January 1945 with 257,766 men (including the army air force).

8
Lewin,
American Magic,
pp. 235–37; “Magic Far East Summary” Nos. 260, 5 Dec. 1944, and 315, 29 Jan. 1945, NA, RG 457, SRS 260, 315.

9
See Japanese military Attaché Bukarest to Tokyo No. 257 of 1 Aug. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRA 10352–53; Japanese military Attaché Madrid to Tokyo No. 360 of 6 Sep. 1944, SRA 12221–29.

10
Japanese military Attaché Stockholm to Tokyo No. 932 of 15 Sep. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRA 13124; Tokyo to the Attaché in Stockholm No 983 of 12 Dec. 1944, SRA 14612.

11
Oshima to Tokyo No. 791 of 5 Aug. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 66962–63.

12
Shigemitsu (Tokyo) to Sato (Moscow) Nos. 1011 of 7 Aug., 1201–2 of 5 Sep. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 66977–78, 69901–2; Sato to Shigemitsu No. 1610 of 10 Aug. 1944, SRDJ 67672–74 (see also SRNS 0859).

13
Sato to Tokyo Nos. 1909 of 16 Sep., 1911–12 of 17 Sep., 1916 of 18 Sep. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 71392–97, 71328–3 1, 71469–72, 71621–23; Japanese military Attaché Bern to Tokyo No. 066 of 22 Sep. 1944, SRA 12281–82.

14
Harbin to Tokyo G-123 in Shigemitsu to Moscow No. 1454 of 18 Oct. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 74873–77; Tokyo to Harbin G-I08 of 18 Oct. 1944, SRDJ 75290–92; Shigemitsu to Sato Nos. 1522-24 of 24 Oct. 1944, SRDJ 76542–43, 76526, 76538–39; Sato to Tokyo Nos. 2272 of 7 Nov., 2318 of 13 Nov., 2347, 2354, and 2356 of 18 Nov., 2365 of 20 Nov. 1944, SRDJ 77783–84, 78745–49, 79112-13, 79116-19, 79128–30, 79298–303.

15
Boyle,
China and Japan,
pp. 313–14. The Americans observed Japanese-Chinese peace feelers through Magic, see NA, RG 457, SRH-062, f. 6.

16
Boyle, p. 323.

17
See Morishima (Lisbon) to Tokyo No. 261 of I I Aug. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 68329–6832932; Shigemitsu to Lisbon No. 208 of 26 Aug. 1944, SRDJ 69387–88.

18
Still important, Inoguchi Rikihei and Nakajima Tadashi with Roger Pineau,
The Divine
Wind: Japan’s Kamikaze Force in World War II
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1958). See also Edwin P. Hoyt,
The Kamikazes
(New York: Arbor House, 1983); Marder,
Old Friends, New Enemies,
2: 398–403. There are innumerable references to the kamikaze forces in the
Ugaki Diary,
beginning with p. 485.

19
See Overy,
Air War,
pp. 92–95; USSBS,
The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy: Appendix ABC
(Washington: GPO, 1946), pp. 24–26.

20
USSBS,
Summary Report Pacific War
(Washington: GPO, 1946), pp. 70–71. it should be noted that the American air force and navy as well as the British navy were very much more impressed by the casualties and damage inflicted by the kamikaze than was Overy (p. 99).

21
Wenneker (Tokyo) to Berlin No. 75 g Kdos. of 1 Sep. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRGL 1454.

22
To begin with Japanese headquarters appear to have believed in this mythical victory. Note the report of the German naval Attaché in Tokyo of 21 Oct. 1944 quoted in “Magic Far East Summary,” No. 218 of 24 Oct. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRS 218, f. 3–4. Admiral Donitz instructed the Attaché to congratulate the Japanese navy minister on this great
triumph. Very interesting are the entries in the
Ugaki Diary,
pp. 442–500, 523–24.

23
Summaries may be found in Dull,
Imperial Japanese Navy,
pp. 313–31; Costello, 503–19. More detail in Morison,
US Naval Operations, 12.

24
Cannon,
Leyte,
chap. 5; James,
The Years of MacArthur,
pp. 542–65; Drea,
Mac Arthur’s Ultra,
chap. 6.

25
Kenney,
General Kenney Reports,
chap. 21, is very helpful.

26
There is a detailed account from the perspective of the escort carriers in William T. Y’Blood,
The Little Giants: U.S. Escort Carriers against Japan
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1987), pp. 154ff. The account in Dull,
Imperial Japanese Navy,
rather minimizes the dangers of the situation for the Americans. Marder,
Old Friends, New Enemies
, 2: 380, argues that Kurita broke off the battle because his ships were running low on fuel.

27
Cannon,
Leyte,
chap. 17; Kenney, chap. 22; James,
The Years of MacArthur,
chap. 14; Ronald H. Spector,
Eagle against the Sun: The American War with Japan
(New York: Free Press, 1985), pp. 511–17.

28
Figures are in Cannon, pp. 367–69.

29
Accounts in Hans C. Adamson and George F. Kosco,
Halsey’s Typhoons
(New York: Crown Publishers, 1967). chaps. 1–7; C. Raymond Calhoun,
Typhoon: The Other Enemy, The Third Fleet and the Pacific Storm of December
1944 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1981).

30
Kenney, pp. 493–500; James,
The Years of MacArthur,
pp. 604–10; Spector,
Eagle against the Sun,
pp. 517–20.

31
Jan. 8, 1945, American date.

32
Costello,
Pacific War,
p. 526; Craven and Cate,
Army Air Forces,
5: xiv–xviand chaps. 1 -s; James L. Cate,
History of the Twentieth Air Force: Genesis
(USAAF Historical Study No. 112, Washington: HQ USAAF, 1945).

33
Note Donovan’s report to Roosevelt of 17 Nov. 1944 on the situation in China, FDRL, PSF Box 170, OSS, Nov. 16–30, 1944. See also Christopher Thorne,
Allies of a Kind
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1978), chap. 26.

34
Ch’i,
Nationalist China,
pp. 111–17.

35
The troubles among the British commanders, however, continued; see Brooke Diary, 2 Nov. 1944, Liddell Hart Centre, Alanbrooke Papers. The emphasis in Thorne,
Allies of a Kind,
on friction between the British and Americans has the unintended effect of minimizing the internal British frictions.

36
Allen,
Burma,
chap. 6. Charles Cruikshank,
SOE in the Far East
(Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1983), certainly gives the impression that SOE’s organization of Burmese irregulars (Force 136) to assist in the reconquest of Burma was that organization’s sole significant contribution to the war effort.

37
Allen,
Burma,
chaps. 7-9. A fine source on operations in Burma is the series of letters exchanged between Brooke and Leese, Nov. 1944 - Sept. 1945, in PRO, WO 106/4789.

38
Relevant correspondence in Liddell Hart Centre, Alanbrooke Papers, 14/49. By Mar. 1945 the Burmese collaborators were also turning against Japan and negotiating with the British (Lebra,
Japanese-Trained Armies,
pp. 163–65).

39
But note the Japanese expectation of relief from the effects of the German Ardennes offensive; see the report of the German naval Attaché Tokyo of 5 Jan. 1945, “Magic Far East Summary,” No. 296 of 10 Jan. 1945, NA, RG 457, SRS 296, f. 7.

40
Correspondence of Lumsden with Brooke shows that MacArthur took Lumsden fully into his confidence (PRO, WO 216/96).

41
A very useful account in Robert Ross Smith,
Triumph in the Philippines
(Washington: GPO, 1963) in the U.S. Army official series. See now also Drea,
Mac Arthur’s Ultra,
chap. 7.

42
James,
The Years of MacArthur,
pp. 691–701; Steinberg,
Philippine Collaboration.

43
James, pp. 670–90, provides a good account of the fighting on Luzon, Apr. to Aug. 1945.

44
A summary in ibid., pp. 702–10. More information may be found in Peter Charlton,
The Unnecessary War: Island Campaign of the South-West Pacific
1944–1945 (South Melbourne: Macmillan of Australia, 1983); Gavin Long,
Six Years War,
pp. 404ff; Horner,
High Command,
pp. 399ff; Gailey,
Bougainville,
chap. 11. See also Gairdner to Ismay, 30 May 1945, PRO, WO 216/137.

45
A survey in James, pp. 714–17, 751–63; Gavin Long, chap. IS.

46
See Craven and Cate,
Anny Air Forces,S:
chap. 17, for preparations and support.

47
Richard H. Kohn and Joseph P. Harahan (eds.),
Strategic Air Warfare: An Interview with Generals Curtis Le May, Leon W Johnson, David A. Burchinal, and Jack J. Catton
(Washington: GPO, 1988), pp. I53ff. The table in Overy,
Air War,
p. 113, compares the major U.S., British, and German bombers; the B-29 had twice the range of other bombers used in the war.

48
Craven and Cate,
Army Air Forces,S:
chap. 18.

49
Butow,
Tojo,
pp. 440–42.

50
Ethell,
Mustang,
pp. 114–15.