A World at Arms (235 page)

5
Weinberg,
Foreign Policy
1937–1939, pp. 270–71.

6
On the problems with American, British and Russian prisoners, see Russell D. Buhite, “Soviet-American Relations and the Repatriation of Prisoners of War, 1945,”
The Historian
35 (1973), 384–97. On German POWs, see Arthur L. Smith,
Heimkehr aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg: Die Entlassung der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen
(Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1985). An important book missing from Smith’s bibliography is George G. Lewis and John Mewha,
History ofPrisoner ofWar Utilization by the United States Army
1776–1945 (Washington: GPO, 1955), most of which is devoted to World War II. On the charges about American mistreatment of German prisoners, see Gunther Bischof and Stephen A. Ambrose (eds.),
Eisenhower and the Gennan POWs: Facts against Falsehood
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1992); Arthur L. Smith, Die “
vennisse Million”: Zum Schicksal deutscher Kriegsgefangener nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Munich: Oldenbourg, 1992). On the return ofJapanese prisoners, see Morison, 15: 3–6.

7
On the Japanese army, the comments and references in Louis Allen,
Singapore 1941–1942
(London: Davis Poynter, 1977), chap. 12, “Afterthoughts,” are especially interesting. See also Ienaga,
Pacific War
, p. 190. On the German army, the works of Orner Bartov are useful, as are studies by Manfred Messerschmidt and Jurgen Forster, but no one has as yet examined the contrast between World War I and World War II behavior. There is an interesting attempt to compare the German and the Italian military’s conduct toward the Jews in Steinberg,
All or Nothing
.

8
There is a massive literature on Allied trials of German war criminals; a selective bibliography is included in the author’s introduction to the AMS reprint of the Nurnberg
Trial of the Major War Criminals
; this should be supplemented by the entries in Jacob Robinson and Mrs. Philip Freedman,
The Holocaust and After: Sources and Literature in English
Oerusalem: Israel Univ. Press, 1973). There is a comprehensive survey of the American effort in Frank M. Buscher,
The US. War Crimes Trial Program in Germany
, 1946–1955 (New York: Praeger, 1989). There are no analogous works on the British, Russian, or French programs. For trials conducted by the Germans, see Adalbert Ruckerl,
The Investigation of Nazi Crimes: A Documentation
, trans. by Derel Rutter (Heidelberg: C.F. Müller, 1979).

9
For a helpful survey, see Philip R. Piccigallo,
The Japanese on Trial: Allied War Crimes Operations in the East
, 1945–1951 (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1979).

10
It should be noted that the International Red Cross behaved in a somewhat similar fashion: during the war it paid practically no attention to the vast murder programs carried out by the Germans all over Europe; afterwards it was most solicitous about the fate of German prisoners of war.

11
Asummary in Willi A. Boelcke,
Die Kosten von Hitlers Krieg: Kriegsjinanzierung undjinanzialles Kriegserbe in Deutschland
1933–1948 (Paderborn: Schoningh, 1985). An internal German Ministry of Finance study of the five years of war from Sep. 1939 to Sep. 1944 show that exactions from the occupied territories by very conservative estimates had been equal to the whole German pre-war rearmament costs and were then contributing about 20 percent of total German revenues (Generalbüro “Nr. 3400–32 GenB g,” 6 Oct. 1944, BA, R 2/24250).

12
On William II’s 27 July 1900 speech, see Bernd Sosemann, “Die sog. Hunnenrede Wilhelms II. Textkritische und interpretatorische Bemerkungen zur Ansprache des Kaisers vom 27. Juli 1900 in Bremerhaven,”
Historische Zeitschrift
222 (1976), 342–58.

13
The personal role of Adenauer in the fundamental political decisions to try to make, instead of trying to avoid, payments is well illustrated in Michael Wolffsohn, “Das deutsch-israelische Wiedergutmachungsabkommen von 1952 im internationalen Zusammenhang,” VjZ 36 (1988), 691–731. On American seizure of German patents, see John Gimb el
Science, Technology, and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Gennany
(Stanford Ca.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1990).

14
Note Philippe Bourdrel,
L’Epuration sauvage
, 1944–1945 (Paris: Perrin, 1988); Herbert R. Lottman,
The Purge
(New York: Morrow, 1986); Henry Rousso,
The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since
1944, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1991). On Quisling, the book by Oddvar K. Hoidal is by far the best.

15
There is a helpful brief summary of the peace treaties with Italy, Finland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania in the U.S. State Department’s publication,
Making the Peace Treaties
1941–1947 (Washington: GPO, 1947).

16
For an introduction, see Benjamin Rivlin,
The United Nations and the Italian Colonies
(New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1950).

17
The killing of Mountbatten many years later cannot be fitted into this context; what it was supposed to do for Ireland will remain the secret of those who murdered him.

18
On the systematic Soviet removal of industry, see Edwin W. Pauley,
Report on Japanese Assets in Manchuria to the President of the United States, July
, 1946 (Washington: GPO, 1946).

19
The impact of economic policy in the liberated area, which included much of China’s major industrial and commercial centers, is stressed in Ch’i,
^{Nationalist’s China}
, p. 222.

20
The 7 Oct. 1944 speech of Thomas E. Dewey in Charleston, W.Va., may be found in
Vital Speeches
11, No. 1 (15 Oct. 1944), 15; the former head of the WAC appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower was Oveta C. Hobby.

21
On the tiny American stockpile of nuclear weapons after August 1945, see David A. Ro.senberg, “U.S. Nuclear Stockpile, 1945 to 1950,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 38
(May 1982), 25–30.

22
There is an account of the battle in Morison, US
Naval Operations
, 12: 88–109, but the whole issue of self-deception by Japanese commanders awaits investigation.

23
For unusually interesting pictures of personalities in headquarters, see the two volumes of Paul P. Rogers,
The Good Years, and The Bitter Years: MacArthur and Sutherland
(New York: Praeger, 1990–91); Harry C. Butcher,
My Three Years with Eisenhower
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1946); Hastings Ismay,
The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay
(New York: Viking, 1960).

24
Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants and Their War
(New York: Harper & Row, 1987).

25
Alanbrooke Diary for 12 June 1945, Liddell Hart Centre.

26
Henry H. Arnold, Global Mission (New York: Harper, 1949).

Map 1. The invasion and partition of Poland, 1939

Map 2. The German invasion of Denmark and Norway,. 1940

Map 3. The German campaign in the West, 1940

Map 4. The campaigns in East and North Africa, 1940–1941

Map 5. The campaigns in the Balkans, 1940–1941

Map 6. The Finnish portion of the Eastern Front, 1941–1945