American Experiment (413 page)

[
Jefferson on majority rule
]: inaugural address, March 4, 1801, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(Putnam, 1892-99), vol. 8, pp. 1-6, quoted at p. 2.

[
McReynolds on FDR
]: Paul A. Freund, “Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice,”
Harvard Law Review,
vol. 81, no. 1 (Autumn 1967), pp. 4-43, quoted at p. 12; see also William O. Douglas,
The Court Years, 1939-1975
(Random House, 1980), p. 13.

[“
Where was Ben Cardozo
?”]: quoted in Eugene C. Gerhart,
America
’
s Advocate: Robert H. Jackson
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1958), p. 99.

Court-Packing: The Switch in Time

[
FDR on possible defiance of Court
]: William E. Leuchtenburg, “The Origins of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s ‘Court-Packing’ Plan,” in Philip B. Kurland, ed.,
The Supreme Court Review
(University of Chicago Press, 1966), pp. 347-400, quoted at p. 353; see also John Morton Blum,
From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928-1938
(Houghton Mifflin, 1959), pp. 125-31.

[“
How fortunate it is
”]: letter of February 19, 1935, in
F.D.R.: His Personal Letters,
Elliott Roosevelt, ed. (Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1947-50), vol. 3, p. 455.

[“
Shame and humiliation
”]: quoted in Leuchtenburg, “Origins,” p. 355.

[
Search for solution to Court problem
]:
ibid., passim;
see also Harold L. Ickes,
The Secret Diary
o
f Harold L. Ickes
(Simon and Schuster, 1953-54), vol. 1, pp. 494-96 and
passim.

90
[
Labor
’
s attack on Court
]: James C. Duram, “The Labor Union Journals and the Constitutional Issues of the New Deal: The Case for Court Restriction,”
Labor History,
vol. 15, no. 2 (Spring 1974), pp. 216-30.

[
Letters to FDR from public
]: quoted in Leuchtenburg, “Origins,” pp. 368, 366, respectively.

[
FDR on
“
marching
”
farmers and workers
]:
ibid.,
p. 365.

[
Long
’
s diary on possible amendments
]:
ibid.,
p. 361.

[
FDR on Prime Minister
’
s threat
]:
Ickes Diary,
vol. 1, pp. 467-68, 494-95.

90-1
[
FDR on difficulties of passing an amendment
]: letter to Charles C. Burlingham, February 23, 1937, in
Personal Letters,
vol. 3, pp. 661-62; letter to Felix Frankfurter, February 9, 1937, in Max Freedman, annot.,
Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1929-1945
(Little, Brown, 1967), pp. 381-82.

91
[
Morris on need for unanimous decision
]: Leuchtenburg, “Origins,” p. 374. [
Cummings on
“
packing the Court
”]:
ibid.,
p. 390.

[
Option of doing nothing
]:
ibid.,
p. 382; Rodney Morrison, “Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Supreme Court: An Example of the Use of Probability Theory in Political History,”
History and Theory,
vol. 16, no. 2 (1977), pp. 137-46.

[
Court in 1936 election
]: Leuchtenburg, “Origins,” pp. 379-80.

[
Democratic platform on Court
]: Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968
(Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 3, pp. 2854-55; see also Leuchtenburg, “Origins,” pp. 378-79.

[
FDR
’
s post-election planning
]: Leuchtenburg, “Origins,” parts 5 and 6.

92
[
Corwin
’
s proposal
]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 389.

[
McReynolds
’
s recommendations on retirement
]:
ibid.,
p. 391.

[“
Constitution as
I
understand it
”]: quoted in Samuel I. Rosenman,
Working with Roosevelt
(Harper, 1952), p. 144.

[
1937 inaugural address
]: January 20, 1937, in
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt,
Samuel I. Rosenman, comp. (Random House, 1938-50), vol. 6, pp. 1-6, quoted at pp. 4-5; see also Rosenman,
Working,
pp. 142-44.

93
[FDR
’
s meeting with cabinet and congressional leaders]
: Joseph Alsop and Turner Catledge,
The 168 Days
(Doubleday, Doran, 1938), pp. 64-66;
Ickes Diary,
vol. 2, pp. 64-66.

[
Text of Court plan message
]: in
Public Papers,
vol. 6, pp. 51-59.

[
FDR at press conference
]: press conference 342, February 5, 1937, in
Public Papers,
vol. 6, pp. 35-50.

[“
I cash in
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 294.

93
[
Reaction to plan at Court
]:
ibid.,
pp. 294-95.

[
Thompson on plan
]: quoted in James T. Patterson,
Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal
(University of Kentucky Press, 1967), p. 87.

[Herald Tribune
on plan
]: editorial of February 6, 1937, quoted in Alfred Haines Cope and Fred Krinsky, eds.,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Supreme Court
(D. C. Heath, 1969), p. 28; see also
ibid.,
pp. 29-34; “Speak Frankly, Mr. President!,”
Business Week,
no. 392 (March 6, 1937), p. 68.

[
Mencken on plan
]: quoted in Patterson, p. 87.

[
Hoover on plan
]: Hoover,
Memoirs: The Great Depression, 1929-1941
(Macmillan, 1952), p. 373.

[
New York bishop on plan
]: William T. Manning, quoted in
Newsweek,
vol. 9, no. 8 (February 20, 1937), p. 17.

[“
A grand fight!
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 298.

94
[
Congressional divisions over plan
]: Patterson, pp. 88-117.

[
Bailey on plan and
“
Negro vote
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
pp. 98-99; see also
Ickes Diary,
vol. 2, p. 115.

[“
I meant it
”]: address of March 4, 1937, in
Public Papers,
vol. 6, pp. 113-21, quoted at pp. 114, 121.

95
[
Hughes
’
s letter
]: David J. Danelski and Joseph S. Tulchin, eds.,
The Autobiographical Notes of Charles Evans Hughes
(Harvard University Press, 1973), pp. 304-7 and p. 306, n. 50; Alpheus T. Mason,
Harlan Fiske Stone: Pillar of the Law
(Viking, 1956), pp. 450-53; Bruce A. Murphy,
The Brandeis/Frankfurter Connection
(Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 179-82; Freedman, p. 396; Philippa Strum,
Louis D. Brandeis: Justice
f
or the People
(Harvard University Press, 1984), p. 388.

[“
Smoke
’
em out
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 303.

[
Wagner Act decisions
]:
NLRB
v.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.,
301 U.S. 1 (1937);
NLRB
v.
Freuhauf Trailer Co.,
301 U.S. 49 (1937);
NLRB
v.
Friedman-Harry Marks Clothing Co.,
301 U.S. 58 (1937); see also Robert L. Stern, “The Commerce Clause and the National Economy, 1933-1946,”
Harvard Law Review,
vol. 59, nos. 5 and 6 (May and July, 1946), pp. 645-93, 883-947.

[
State minimum-wage decision
]:
West Coast Hotel
v.
Parrish,
300 U.S. 391 (1937).

[
Frankfurter on Roberts switch and Hughes
’
s letter
]: letter of March 30, 1937, in Freedman, p. 392; see also
ibid.,
pp. 392-95; Felix Frankfurter, “Justice Roberts and the ‘Switch in Time,’ ” in Allen F. Westin, ed.,
An Autobiography of the Supreme Court
(Macmillan, 1963), pp. 241-48.

[
Roberts
’
s switch and 1936 election
]: John W. Chambers, “The Big Switch: Justice Roberts and the Minimum-Wage Cases,”
Labor History,
vol. 10, no. 1 (Winter 1969), pp. 44-73; Michael E. Parrish, “The Hughes Court, the Great Depression, and the Historians,”
Historian,
vol. 40, no. 2 (February 1978), pp. 286-308; see also Frank V. Cantwell, “Public Opinion and the Legislative Process,”
American Political Science Review,
vol. 40, no. 5 (October 1946), pp. 924-35; Charles L. Black, Jr.,
The People and the Court: Judicial Review in a Democracy
(Macmillan, 1960), esp. ch. 3. [
Hughes
’
s new stance
]: Danelski and Tulchin, pp. 311-13; Freund; Mason, pp. 455-60; Parrish.

96
[
Labor and Court reform after Wagner decisions
]: Duram, pp. 232-34.

[“
Chortling all morning
”]: press conference of April 13, 1937, in
Public Papers,
vol. 6, pp. 53-56, quoted at pp. 153, 154.

[
Court plan after switch
]: William E. Leuchtenburg, “FDR’s Court-Packing Plan: A Second Life, a Second Death,”
Duke Law Journal,
vol. 1985, nos. 3 and 4 (June-September 1985), pp. 673-89;
Ickes Diary,
vol. 2, pp. 162-64; Jordan A. Schwarz,
The Speculator: Bernard M. Baruch in Washington, 1917-1965
(University of North Carolina Press, 1981), p. 319.

[
Garner-FDR exchange
]: quoted in Bascom N. Timmons,
Garner of Texas
(Harper, 1948), p. 223.

[“
Organized and calculated
”]: quoted in J. Joseph Huthmacher,
Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism
(Atheneum, 1968), p. 233.

97
[
Number of sit-downs, 1937
]: Irving Bernstein,
The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941
(Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 500.

[
Sit-downs in practice
]:
ibid.,
pp. 499-501; Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine,
John L. Lewis
(Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1977), pp. 258-59; Sidney Fine,
Sit-Down: The General Motors Strike of 1937
(University of Michigan Press, 1969), pp. 121-32 and ch. 6.

97
[“
Sit down! Sit down.
”]: quoted in Bernstein, p. 501.

97-8
[
Lewis
’
s plans for Big Steel
]: Bert Cochran,
Labor and Communism: The Conflict That Shaped American Unions
(Princeton University Press, 1977), pp. 103-5; J. Raymond Walsh,
C.I.O.: Industrial Unionism in Action
(Norton, 1937), p. 112.

98
[
Unionist
’
s dash for toilet
]: Bernstein, p. 523.

[
Structure of auto work
]: see Nelson Lichtenstein, “Auto Worker Militancy and the Structure of Factory Life, 1937-1955, ”
Journal of American History,
vol. 67, no. 2 (September 1980), pp. 335-53, esp. pp. 336-40; see also Herbert Harris, “Working in the Detroit Auto Plants,” in Don Congdon, ed.,
The Thirties: A Time to Remember
(Simon and Schuster, 1962), pp. 477-86; Fine, pp. 54-63.

[
GM in 1937
]: Fine, ch. 2; Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 256; Bernstein, pp. 509-19.

[Fortune
on GM
]: “General Motors,”
Fortune,
vol. 18, no. 6 (December 1938), quoted at p. 41.

[“
Most critical labor conflict
”]: quoted in Bernstein, p. 525.

[
GM strike
]:
ibid.,
pp. 519-30; Fine, chs. 5-9.

99
[
Murphy and GM strike
]: Fine, pp. 148-55 and
passim:
Bernstein, pp. 530-51; J. Woodford Howard,
Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography
(Princeton University Press, 1968), pp. 123-44.

[
FDR and Perkins in GM strike
]: George Martin,
Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins
(Houghton Mifflin, 1976), pp. 400-4; Fine, ch. 10; Dubofsky and Van Tine, pp.

255-70
; Bernstein, pp. 534-51; Frances Perkins,
The Roosevelt I Knew
(Viking, 1946), pp. 320-24.

[
GM
’
s capitulation
]: quoted in Howard, p. 140; Fine, pp. 298-312; see also
General Motors Labor Policies and Procedures
(General Motors Corporation, 1937).

[
Chrysler and Ford after GM capitulation
]: Bernstein, pp. 551-54, 569-71; Howard, pp. 150-56.

[
Murray and Big Steel
]: Bernstein, pp. 441-57; see also Morris Llewellyn Cooke and Philip Murray,
Organized Labor and Production
(Harper, 1940); Daniel Nelson, “The Company Union Movement, 1900-1937: A Reexamination,”
Business History Review,
vol. 56, no. 3 (Autumn 1982), pp. 335-57.

[
Kempton on Murray
]: Bernstein, p. 443.

100
[
FDR on
“
The President Wants
”]:
ibid.,
p. 454.

[
SWOC membership, January 1937
]:
ibid.,
p. 465.

[
Taylor
’
s reassessment
]:
ibid.,
pp. 466-70.

[
Taylor-Lewis negotiations
]:
ibid.,
pp. 470-73; Dubofsky and Van Tine, pp. 273-77. [
Single most important document
]: Robert R. R. Brooks,
As Steel Goes, …
(Yale University Press, 1959), p. 108.

[
Little Steel and unionization
]: Bernstein, pp. 473-98; Dubofsky and Van Tine, pp. 312-5.

[
Chicago Memorial Day incident
]: Donald G. Sofchalk, “The Chicago Memorial Day Incident: An Episode of Mass Action,”
Labor History,
vol. 6, no. 1 (Winter 1965), pp. 3-43.

Congress-Purging: The Broken Spell

101
[
Auto industry improvement, 1933-37
]: U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), part 2, p. 716 (Series Q 148-62); Bernstein, p. 503.

[
Iron and steel industry improvement, 1933-37
]:
Historical Statistics,
part 2, p. 693 (Series P 231-300); Bernstein, p. 448.

[
1937 recession and the search for a solution
]: Blum,
Morgenthau Diaries,
ch. 9; Herbert Stein,
The Fiscal Revolution in America
(University of Chicago Press, 1969), chs. 6-7; Byrd L. Jones, “Lauchlin Currie and the causes of the 1937 recession,”
History of Political Economy,
vol. 12, no. 3 (1980), pp. 303-15;
Ickes Diary,
vol. 2; Donald Winch,
Economics and Policy: A Historical Study
(Walker and Co., 1969), ch. 11; Robert Lekachman,
The Age of Keynes
(Random House, 1966), ch. 5; Burns,
Lion,
ch. 16; Kenneth D. Roose,
The Economics of Recession and Revival
(Yale University Press, 1954); Marriner S. Eccles,
Beckoning Frontiers: Public and Personal Recollections,
Sidney Hyman, ed. (Knopf, 1951), pp. 287-323; Beatrice Bishop Berle and Travis Beal Jacobs, eds.,
Navigating the Rapids, 1918-1971: From the Papers of Adolf A. Berle
(Harcourt, 1973), pp. 141-77; James A. Farley,
Jim Farley
’
s Story
(McGraw-Hill, 1948), ch. 11.