American Experiment (414 page)

101
[“
Mob in a theater fire
”]: quoted in Blum, p. 386.

[“
Rich man
’
s panic
”]: Berle and Jacobs, p. 142.

[
Perkins on upturn
]: see
Ickes Diary,
vol. 2, p. 212.

[
FDR
’
s suspicions and hopes
]:
ibid.,
p. 241.

[
Unemployment
]:
Historical Statistics,
part 1, p. 126 (Series D 1-10).

[“
Sit tight
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 320.

[“
Hooverish statements
”]: quoted in
Ickes Diary,
vol. 2, p. 224.

[“
We are headed
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 320.

[“
Ill, tired
”]: Berle and Jacobs, p. 148.

[
FDR
’
s fears of fascism
]: Blum, p. 393.

102
[
Cabinet discussion
]: quoted in
ibid.,
pp. 391-92; see also
Ickes Diary,
vol. 2, pp. 240-43.

102-3
[
NAM platform
]: quoted in
New York Times,
December 9, 1937, p. 23.

103
[
Small businessmen. Business Advisory Council, Detroit demonstration, youth delegates
]: Burns,
Lion,
p. 326.

[
Abbott on Chicago conditions
]: letter of February 3, 1938, Dewson Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.

[
FDR on carping critics
]: press conference with editors of trade papers, April 8, 1938, in
Public Papers,
vol. 7, quoted at p. 194.

104
[
Recession in March 1938
]: see Burns,
Lion,
p. 327; Roose, ch. 3.

[“They
understand
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 328.

[
Temporary National Economic Committee
]: see Ellis W. Hawley,
The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly
(Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 404-15; Wilson P. Miscamble, “Thurman Arnold Goes to Washington: A Look at Antitrust Policy in the Later New Deal,”
Business History Review,
vol. 56, no. 1 (Spring 1982), pp. 1-15.

[
Morgenthau
’
s threat to resign
]: Blum, pp. 423-25.

[“
Discipline of democracy
”]: message of April 14, 1938, in
Public Papers,
vol. 7, pp. 221-33, quoted at p. 231.

[“
What is needed
”]: fireside chat of April 14, 1938, in
ibid.,
pp. 236-48, quoted at p. 246.

105
[“
For God
’
s sake
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 339.

[
Reorganization bill
]: Richard Polenberg,
Reorganizing Roosevelt
’
s Government: The Controversy over Executive Reorganization, 1936-1939
(Harvard University Press, 1966); Polenberg, “The Decline of the New Deal,” in John Braeman et al., eds.,
The New Deal: The National Level
(Ohio State University Press, 1975), pp. 250-51.

[“
Dictator bill
”]: see Polenberg,
Reorganizing,
pp. 148-49.

[
Weekend telegram blitz
]: Patterson,
Congressional Conservatism,
pp. 222-23.

[“
I have no inclination
”]: in
Public Papers,
vol. 7, pp. 179-81, quoted at p. 179.

106
[
House recommittal of bill
]: Patterson, p. 226.

[
Passage of wages-and-hours legislation
]: Burns,
Lion,
pp. 342-44; Patterson, pp. 179-82, 242-46.

[“
That
’
s that
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 343.

107
[
FDR
’
s putting off of Lawrence
]:
ibid.,
p. 349.

[“
Aggressive progressive Democrats
”]: quoted in
ibid.

[
Rise of special-interest groups
]: see Otis L. Graham, Jr., “The Broker State,”
Wilson Quarterly,
vol. 8, no. 5 (Winter 1984), pp. 86-97.

[
Lewis and FDR
]: Burns,
Lion,
pp. 350-51; Dubofsky and Van Tine, pp. 323-34; see also Mike Davis, “The Barren Marriage of American Labour and the Democratic Party,”
New Left Review,
no. 124 (November-December 1980), pp. 43-84.

[“
Plague on both your houses
”]: quoted in Bernstein, p. 496.

[
FDR in polls, 1938
]: “Fortune Quarterly Survey: XII,”
Fortune,
vol. 18, no. 1 (July 1938, p. 37; Burns,
Lion,
pp. 338-39.

[
Attempts at conservative coalition
]: Patterson, pp. 251-70.

109
[
FDR
’
s June 1938 fireside chat
]: in
Public Papers,
vol. 7, pp. 391-400, quoted at pp. 395, 399.

[
Patterson on drive for realignment
]: Patterson, p. 277.

[
FDR
’
s purge travels
]: J. B. Shannon, “Presidential Politics in the South, 1938,”
Journal
o
f Politics,
vol. 1, no. 2 (May 1939), pp. 146-70 and no. 3 (August 1939), pp. 278-300; Barkley Papers, University of Kentucky; Burns,
Lion,
pp. 361-64.

110
[
FDR
’
s attack on George
]: in
Public Papers,
vol. 7, pp. 463-71, quoted at pp. 469-71; and Burns,
Lion,
pp. 362-63.

[
Press reaction to purge
]: see George Wolfskill and John A. Hudson,
All but the People: Franklin D. Roosevelt and His Critics, 1933-39
(Macmillan, 1969), pp. 289-90; Burns,
Lion,
p. 362.

[
Moley on White House cabal
]: Moley, “Perspective,”
Newsweek,
vol. 11, no. 24 (June 13, 1938), p. 40.

[
Liberal criticism of purge
]: see T.R.B., “Washington Notes,”
New Republic,
vol. 96, no. 1243 (September 28, 1938), p. 212.

[
Farley
’
s and Garner
’
s evasion
]:
Farley
’
s Story,
p. 141; Timmons, pp. 234-37.

[
Southern Democrats
’
response to purge
]: Patterson, pp. 283-85, Glass quoted at p. 285; Shannon.

111
[
Purge results
]: Shannon, p. 299 (Table 2) and
passim;
Charles M. Price and Joseph Boskin, “The Roosevelt ‘Purge’: A Reappraisal,”
Journal of Politics,
vol. 28, no. 3 (August 1966), pp. 660-70; Stuart L. Weiss, “Maury Maverick and the Liberal Bloc,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 57, no. 4 (March 1971), pp. 880-95, esp. p. 891-95.

[
A
“
bust
”]: Farley, p. 144.

[“
A long, long time
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 364.

[
Republican successes in 1938
]: Patterson, pp. 288-90; Milton Plesur, “The Republican Congressional Comeback of 1938,”
Review of Politics,
vol. 24, no. 4 (October 1962), pp. 525-62, esp. pp. 544-46; Donald R. McCoy, “George S. McGill and the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938,”
Historian,
vol. 45, no. 2 (February 1983), pp. 186-205.

[
Reasons for 1938 setbacks
]: see Plesur, pp. 544-54; Farley, pp. 149-50; Shannon, pp. 295-98; Philip F. La Follette, Elmer A. Benson, and Frank Murphy, “Why We Lost,”
Nation,
vol. 147, no. 23 (December 3, 1938), pp. 586-90; Patterson, pp. 286-87.

[“
Having passed the period
”]: in
Public Papers,
vol. 8, pp. 1-12, quoted at p. 7.

112
[
Jackson Day dinner speech
]: January 7, 1939, in
ibid.,
pp. 60-68, quoted at p. 63.

[
1939 appointments
]: Burns,
Lion,
p. 368; see also Patterson, pp. 298-99.

[“
Not one nickel more
”]: quoted in Polenberg, “Decline,” p. 261.

[
FDR
’
s refusal to support national health program
]: Huthmacher, pp. 263-67.

[“
Sick and tired
”]: quoted in John Morton Blum,
From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, 1938-1941
(Houghton Mifflin, 1965), pp. 41-42.

[“
You undergraduates
”]: address of December 5, 1938, in
Public Papers,
vol. 7, pp. 613-21, quoted at p. 615.

[
Congressional balance of power, 1939
]: see Patterson, pp. 289-90, 322-24.

[
House Un-American Activities Committee
]: Walter Goodman,
The Committee
(Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968), pp. 52-58;
Ickes Diary,
vol. 2, pp. 506-7, 528-29, 546-50, 573-74.

[
Smith investigation of NLRB
]: Earl Latham,
The Communist Controversy in Washington: From the New Deal to McCarthy
(Harvard University Press, 1966), pp. 131-37; Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 663-70.

[
Attack on FDR
’
s appointing power
]: see A. Cash Koeniger, “The New Deal and the States: Roosevelt versus the Byrd Organization in Virginia,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 68, no. 4 (March 1982), pp. 876-96.

113
[
Restriction of political activities of federal employees
]: see “Federal Workers in Politics,”
New Republic,
vol. 100, no. 1289 (August 16, 1939), pp. 33-34.

[
Reductions in New Deal funds
]: Burns,
Lion,
p. 370; see also Patterson, ch. 9, [
Eleanor Roosevelt and blacks
]: Harvard Sitkoff,
A New Deal for Blacks
(Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 59-65, 132; Joseph P. Lash,
Eleanor and Franklin
(Norton, 1971), p. 522; Joanna Schneider Zangrando and Robert L. Zangrando, “ER and Black Rights,” in Joan Hoff-Wilson and Marjorie Lightman, eds.,
Without Precedent: The Life and Career of Eleanor Roosevelt
(Indiana University Press, 1984), pp. 88-107; Nancy J. Weiss,
Farewell to the Party of Lincoln
(Princeton University Press, 1983), esp. ch. 6.

113
[
Marian Anderson and the DAR
]:
Ickes Diary,
vol. 2, pp. 612-16; Sitkoff, pp. 326-27; Lash, pp. 525-28.

[“
Unique, majestic
”]:
Ickes Diary,
vol. 2, p. 615.

Deadlock at the Center

114
[
Why did you lose
?]: La Follette, Benson, and Murphy, “Why We Lost,” La Follette, quoted at p. 586.

[“
Price of cheese
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 586.

[
FDR as administrator
]: see Raymond Moley, 27
Masters of Politics
(Funk & Wagnalls, 1949), p. 45; Herbert A. Simon et al.,
Public Administration
(Knopf, 1950), p. 168; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., “Curmudgeon’s Confessions,”
New Republic,
vol. 129, no. 19 (December 7, 1953), pp. 14-15; Burns,
Lion,
pp. 371-75.

[“
A wonderful person but
”]: quoted in
Ickes Diary,
vol. 2, p. 659.

[
Schlesinger on FDR
’
s fuzzy delegation
]: “Curmudgeon’s Confessions,” p. 15.

115
[
Executive Council and National Emergency Council
]: Otis L. Graham, Jr., “The Planning Ideal and American Reality: The 1930s,” in Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, eds.,
The Hofstadter Aegis: A Memorial
(Knopf, 1974), p. 271; Lester G. Seligman and Elmer E. Cornwell, Jr., eds.,
New Deal Mosaic: Roosevelt Confers with His National Emergency Council, 1933-1936
(University of Oregon Books, 1965).

[“
The President needs help
”]: President’s Committee on Administrative Management,
Administrative Management in the Government of the United States,
in
Senate Documents: Miscellaneous,
75th Congress, 1st Session (U.S. Government Priming Office, 1937), Document 8, quoted at p. 19.

[
Committee on Administrative Management
]: Graham, pp. 271-72; Polenberg,
Reorganizing,
ch. 1.

[“
A passion for anonymity
”]: President’s Committee, p. 19.

115-16
[
Effect of FDR
’
s administrative techniques on New Deal
]: see John Braeman, “The New Deal and the ‘Broker State’: A Review of the Recent Scholarly Literature,”
Business History Review,
vol. 46, no. 4 (Winter 1972), pp. 409-29, esp. pp. 426-27.

[
FDR
’
s description of three branches
]: fireside chat of March 9, 1937, in
Public Papers,
vol. 6, pp. 123-24.

116-17
[
FDR and Democratic party
]: see Burns,
Lion,
pp. 375-80; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
The Coming of the New Deal
(Houghton Mifflin, 1958), pp. 503-5; Otis L. Graham, Jr., “The Democratic Party, 1932-1945,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
History of U.S. Political Parties
(Chelsea House, 1973), vol. 3, pp. 1939-64.

117
[
FDR
’
s attack on George and seniority system
]: see Willmoore Kendall,
The Conservative Affirmation
(Henry Regnery, 1963), ch. 2.

[“
Not merely about party
”]
:
quoted in Burns,
Deadlock,
p. 157; see also William E. Leuchtenburg,
In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to Ronald Reagan
(Cornell University Press, 1983), pp. 245-46.

[“
Head of the Democratic party
”]: fireside chat of June 24, 1938, in
Public Papers,
vol. 7, pp. 391-400, quoted at p. 399.

118
[
FDR and Virginia
]: Koeniger, “The New Deal and the States.”

[“
Eight years in Washington
”]: quoted in Rexford G. Tugwell,
The Democratic Roosevelt
(Doubleday, 1957), p. 412.

120
[
FDR as transactional leader
]: see Braeman; Graham, “Broker State”; Burns,
Lion,
pp. 197-202.

The Fission of Ideas

120-1
[
Dewey on liberty
]: Dewey,
Liberalism and Social Action
(Putnam, 1935), p. 24.

[
Dewey on nineteenth-century liberals
]: see
ibid.,
ch. 1 and
passim.