American Experiment (426 page)

270
[“
Underlying principle
”]: Jewkes el al., p. 238.

[
Oppenheimer
’
s classification as security risk
]: United States Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, Transcript of Hearing Before Personnel Security Board, April 12-May 6, 1914
(United States Government Printing Office, 1954); Philip M. Stern,
The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial
(Harper, 1969).

[
Conant on subsidies]:
Lerner, p. 218.

[
Gibbs on Yale payroll
]: see Wheeler, pp. 57-59, 90-93, quoted at p. 91.

271
[
Taylor and scientific management
]: Frederick W. Taylor,
The Principles of Scientific Managment
(Harper, 1929); Taylor,
Shop Management
(Harper, 1911); Daniel Nelson,
Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1980); Samuel Haber,
Efficiency and Uplift: Scientific Management in the Progressive Era, 1890-1920
(University of Chicago Press, 1964); David F. Noble,
America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism
(Knopf, 1977), pp. 264-77.

[
Watertown strike
]: Noble,
America by Design,
p. 272; Nelson, pp. 164-66; see also U.S. Ordnance Department,
Report of the Chief of Ordnance to the Secretary of War: 1913
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1913), pp. 12-15 and Appendix 1.

[“
Train of gear wheels
”]: quoted in Daniels, p. 309.

271
[“
Human engineering
”]: Loren Baritz,
The Servants of Power: A History of the Use of Social Science in American Industry
(1960; reprinted by Greenwood Press, 1974), chs. 8-10 and sources cited therein.

[“
Problem of human relations
”]: quoted in Baritz, p. 190.

[
Union heads on
“
human relations
”
approach
]:
ibid.,
p. 183.

271-2
[
Spot welder on his job
]: “J.D.,” quoted in Robert H. Guest, “The Rationalization of Management,” in Kranzberg and Pursell, pp. 56-59.

272
[
Automation
]: John Diebold,
Automation: Its Impact on Business and Labor
(National Planning Association, May 1959); James R. Bright, “The Development of Automation,” in Kranzberg and Pursell, pp. 635-55; Noble,
Forces,
ch. 4 and
passim;
Ben B. Seligman,
Most Notorious Victory: Man in an Age of Automation
(Free Press, 1966); Simon Marcson, ed.,
Automation, Alienation and Anomie
(Harper, 1970), esp. parts 2-3.

[
Automatic equipment sales, late 1950s
]: Diebold, p. 22.

[
Automation at Ford
]:
ibid.,
pp. 9-10, observer on “whoosh” quoted at p. 9; Bright, pp. 651-53; Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933-1962
(Scribner, 1962), pp. 354-57, 364-66. [“
Magical key of creation
”]: quoted in Diebold, p. 2.

273
[
Carey on automation
]:
ibid.,
p. 35.

[Fortune’s “
automatic factory
”]: “The Automatic Factory” and E. W. Leaver and J. J. Brown, “Machines without Men,”
Fortune,
vol. 34, no. 5 (November 1946), pp. 160-65, 192-204.

[
Reuther on automation
]: Reuther, “The Impact of Automation,” in Reuther,
Selected Papers,
Henry M. Christman, ed. (Macmillan, 1961), pp. 67-100, quoted at p. 76.

[“
Everybody
’
s slice
”]: Diebold, p. 43,

[Automation and auto worker militancy]:
see Nelson Lichtenstein, “Auto Worker Militancy and the Structure of Factory Life, 1937-1955,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 67, no. 2 (September 1980), pp. 335-53; William A. Faunce, “Automation in the Automobile Industry: Some Consequences for In-Plant Social Structure,” in Marcson, pp. 169-81.

274
[
Butler on man and machine
]: Butler,
Frewhon, or Over the Range
(A. C. Fifield, 1917), pp. 246, 268.

[
Bell on work and the machine
]: Bell,
Work and Its Discontents
(Beacon Press, 1956), p. 56.

[
Mumford on machine as part of system of power
]: see Mumford,
Technics and Civilization
(Harcourt, 1934), pp. 41-45, 273, 324, and
passim.

[
Mumford on two technologies
]: Mumford, “Authoritarian and Democratic Technics,”
Technology and Culture,
vol. 5, no. 1 (Winter 1964), pp. 1-8, quoted at p. 2. [
Wiener
]: Norbert Wiener,
The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society
(Houghton Mifflin, 1950); Wiener,
Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
(Wiley, 1948).

275
[
Alienation and
anomie]: see Emile Durkheim,
The Division of Labor in Society,
George Simpson, trans. (1933; Free Press, 1960); Erich Fromm,
The Sane Society
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1955), ch. 5 and
passim;
Karl Mannheim,
Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction,
Edward Shils, trans. (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1940); Wilbert E. Moore,
Industrial Relations and the Social Order
(Macmillan, 1951), esp. chs. 9-10; Robert Blauner,
Alienation and Freedom: The Factory Worker and His Industry
(University of Chicago Press, 1964), esp. chs. 2, 5; Seligman,
Notorious Victory;
William A. Faunce, “Automation and the Division of Labor,” in Marcson, pp. 79-96; Faunce, “Industrialization and Alienation,” in
ibid.,
pp. 400-16; Melvin Seeman, “On the Meaning of Alienation,” in
ibid.,
pp. 381-94.

[“
Fortune, Chance, Luck
”]: Merton,
Social Theory and Social Structure: Toward the Godification of Theory and Research
(Free Press, 1949), p. 138.

[
Seeman on
anomie]: Seeman, pp. 388-89.

275-6
[
Marcuse on values and labor
]: quoted in Douglas Kellner,
Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism
(University of California Press, 1984), p. 140; see also
ibid.,
esp. chs. 6, 10; Marcuse, “Aggressiveness in Advanced Industrial Society,” in Marcuse,
Negations: Essays in Critical Theory,
Jeremy J. Shapiro, trans. (Beacon Press, 1968), pp. 248-68; Marcuse,
Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud
(Beacon Press, 1955); H. Stuart Hughes,
The Sea Change: The Migration of Social Thought,1930-1965  
(Harper, 1975), pp. 70-88.

The Language of Freedom

276
[“
Children of freedom
”]: quoted in Adam B. Ulam,
The Rivals: America and Russia Since World War II
(Viking, 1971), p. 157.

[“
Dynamic center
”]
,
quoted in John P. Mallan, “Luce’s Hot-and-Cold War,”
New Republic,
vol. 129, no. 9 (September 28, 1953), p. 12.

[“
Founding purpose
”]: Luce, “National Purpose and Cold War,” in John K. Jessup, ed.,
The Ideas of Henry Luce
(Atheneum, 1969), pp. 131-33, quoted at pp. 131-32. [“
Elementary truth
”]: quoted in Richard H. Pells,
The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 19)40s and 1950s
(Harper, 1985), pp. 124-25.

277
[“
An American Century
”]: Luce, “The American Century,” in Jessup, pp. 105-20, quoted at p. 117.

[“
Egotistic corruption
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 16.

[
Luce as Cecil Rhodes of journalism
]:
ibid.,
p. 15.

[
Century of the common man
]: Wallace, “The Price of Free World Victory,” in John M. Blum,
The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942-1946
(Houghton Mifflin, 1973), pp. 635-40, esp. p. 638.

[
1949 Conference for World Peace
]: Pells, pp. 123-24; Irving Howe, “The Culture Conference,”
Partisan Review,
vol. 16, no. 5 (May 1949), pp. 505-11; Joseph P. Lash, “Weekend at the Waldorf,”
New Republic,
vol. 120, no. 16 (April 18, 1949), pp. 10-14.

[
Congress for Cultural Freedom
]: Sidney Hook, “The Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom,”
Partisan Review,
vol. 17, no. 7 (September-October 1950), pp. 715-22; Alexander Bloom,
Prodigal Sons
:
The New York Intellectuals & Their World
(Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 259-73; Christopher Lasch, “The Cultural Cold War: A Short History of the Congress for Cultural Freedom,” in Barton J. Bernstein, ed.,
Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History
(Pantheon, 1968), pp. 322-59; Mary S. McAullife,
Crisis on the Left: Cold War Politics and American Liberals, 1947-1954
(University of Massachusetts Press, 1978), pp. 115-29;
New York Times,
April 27, 1966, p. 28; Pells, pp. 128-30.

[“
Opium of the intellectuals
”]: Raymond Aron,
The Opium of the Intellectuals,
Terence Kilmartin, trans. (Norton, 1962).

[“
End of ideology
”]: Bell,
The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties,
rev. ed. (Free Press, 1962); see also Edward Shils, “Ideology and Civility: On the Politics of the Individual,”
Sewanee Review,
vol. 66, no. 3 (July-September 1958), pp. 450-80; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., “Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans,” in Schlesinger,
The Politics of Hope
(Houghton Mifflin, 1963), ch. 6; James Nuechterlein, “Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and the Discontents of Postwar Liberalism,”
Review of Politics,
vol. 39, no. 1 (January 1977), pp. 3-40; Stephen J. Whitfield, “The 1950’s: The Era of No Hard Feelings,”
South Atlantic Quarterly,
vol. 74, no. 3 (Summer 1975), pp. 289-307, esp. pp. 297-98; Bernard Sternsher, “Liberalism in the Fifties: The Travail of Redefinition,”
Antioch Review,
vol. 2a, no. 3 (Fall 1962), pp. 315-31; McAuliffe; Pells, esp. ch. 3; John P. Diggins,
The Proud Decades: America in War and in Peace, 1941-1960
(Norton, 1988), ch. 7
passim.
277-8 [
Shils on intellectuals
]: Shils, p. 456.

278
[
Pells on intellectuals
]: Pells, p. 181.

[
Shils on social critics and Enlightenment ideals
]: Shils, p. 455.

279
[
Lerner on the new middle classes
]: Lerner, p. 490.

[
Fromm
] Fromm,
Escape from Freedom
(Rinehart, 1941); Fromm,
Sane Society;
Fromm,
The Revolution of Hope: Toward a Humanized Technology
(Harper, 1968); Fromm,
May Man Prevail?: An Enquiry into the Facts and Fictions of Foreign Policy
(Anchor, 1961); see also John H. Schaar,
Escape from Authority: The Perspectives of Erich Fromm
(Basic Books, 1961), esp. chs. 3-4.

279-80
[
Riesman
]: Riesman, with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer,
The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character
(Yale University Press, 1950); Riesman,
Individualism Reconsidered and Other Essays
(Free Press, 1954); see also Seymour Martin Lipset and Leo Lowenthal, eds.,
Culture and Social Character: The Work of David Riesman Reviewed
(Free Press, 1954).

[
Whyte
]: Whyte,
Organization Man;
see also Robert Lekachman, “Organization Men: The Erosion of Individuality,”
Commentary,
vol. 23, no. 3 (March 1957), pp. 270-76.

281
[
Marcuse
]: Marcuse,
One Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society
(Beacon Press, 1964); Marcuse,
Eros and Civilization;
Marcuse, “Aggressiveness”; Marcuse,
Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis
(Columbia University Press, 1958); see also Kellner; Jerzy J. Wiatr, “Herbert Marcuse: Philosopher of a Lost Radicalism,”
Science & Society,
vol. 34 (1970), pp. 319-30.

[
Technological advances in newspaper production
]: Frank Luther Mott,
American Journalism: A History, 1690-1960
(Macmillan, 1962), pp. 807-9,
Editor & Publisher
quoted at pp. 807-8.

282
[
Press consolidation
]:
ibid.,
pp. 813-17.

[“
Outside the pale
”]: I.erner, p. 762.

[
Press and cold war
]: James Aronson,
The Press and the Cold War
(Beacon Press, 1970); Bernard C. Cohen,
The Press and Foreign Policy
(Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 36-39 and
passim;
Douglass Cater,
The Fourth Branch of Government
(Houghton Mifflin, 1959); see also Michael Schudson,
Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers
(Basic Books, 1978), ch. 5; Potter, esp. ch. 8.

282-3
[Protestant
on press
]: quoted in Aronson, p. 36.

283
[
MacDougall on press
]:
ibid.,
p. 37.

[
Polls on inevitability of war, 1945, 1948
]:
ibid.

[
Lippmann and Marshall Plan
]: see Joseph M. Jones,
The Fifteen Weeks (February 21-June
5,
1917)
(Viking, 1955), pp. 226-32.

[
Cater on press as fourth branch
]: see Cater, pp. 2-3, 7-8, 67-74, and
passim.

[PM]: Roy Hoopes,
Ralph Ingersoll
(Atheneum, 1985), chs. 9-14; Stephen Becker,
Marshall Field III
(Simon and Schuster, 1964), ch. 6 and pp. 398-402; Mott, pp. 771-75; Carey McWilliams, “The Continuing Tradition of Reform Journalism,” in John M. Harrison and Harry H. Stein, eds.,
Muckraking: Past, Present and Future
(Pennsylvania State University Press, 1973), p. 124; Louis Kronenberger,
No Whippings, No Gold Watches: TheSaga of a Writer and His Jobs
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1970), ch. 5.

[
FDR on
PM]: quoted in Becker, p. 209.