American Experiment (429 page)

308
[“
None need apply
”]: quoted in Handlin, p. 67.

[
Irish in
Puck]: John J. Appel, “From Shanties to Lace Curtain: The Irish Image in
Puck,
1876-1910,”
Comparative Studies in Society and History,
vol. 13 (1971), pp. 365-75, quoted at p. 367; see also Shannon, ch. 9.

[
Continued social exclusion of Irish
]: see Helen Howe,
The Gentle Americans, 1864-1960: Biography of a Breed
(Harper, 1965), pp. 97-99; Cleveland Amory,
The Proper Bostonians
(E. P. Dutton, 1947), esp. ch. 15; Birmingham; Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy,
Times to Remember
(Doubleday, 1974), pp. 49-52; Richard J. Whalen,
The Founding Father: The Story of Joseph P. Kennedy
(New American Library, 1964), pp. 24-27, 34, 59, 401-2, 417-18; David E.
Koskoff, Joseph P. Kennedy: A Life and Times
(Prentice-Hall, 1974),pp. 18-19, 378-80.

309
[
Limits of Insh liberalism
]: see Levine, chs. 4-6; Mann, ch. 2; Glazer and Moynihan, pp. 229-34, 264-74; Liu, ch. 8; Fallows, ch. 8.

[
Two Patrick Kennedys
]: Tim Pal Coogan, “Sure, and It’s County Kennedy Now,”
New York Times Magazine,
June 23, 1963, pp. 7-9, 32-36; Koskoff, chs. 1-2; Whalen, ch. 1 ; see also the genealogical tables in James MacGregor Burns,
Edward Kennedy and the Camelot Legacy
(Norton, 1976), pp. 344-46.

[
Honey Fitz
]: Doris Kearns Goodwin,
The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys
(Simon and Schuster, 1987), book 1 ; John Henry Cutler, “
Honey Fitz
”:
Three Steps to the White House
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1962); Kennedy, chs. 2-5; Francis Russell,
The Great Interlude: Neglected Events and Persons from the First World War to the Depression
(McGraw-Hill, 1964), pp. 162-90.

310
[
Joe Kennedy
]: Whalen; Koskoff; Goodwin, book 2
passim;
Michael R. Beschloss,
Kennedy and Roosevelt: The Uneasy Alliance
(Norton, 1980); Birmingham, ch. 16; Matthew Josephson,
The Money Lords: The Great Finance Capitalists,
1925-1950 (Weybright and Talley, 1972), pp. 176-87.

[
John Kennedy and Catholicism
]: see Garry Wills,
The Kennedy Imprisonment: A Meditation on Power
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1982), p. 61; Lawrence H. Fuchs,
John F. Kennedy and American Catholicism
(Meredith Press, 1967); James MacGregor Burns
, John Kennedy: A Political Profile
(Harcourt, 1960), ch. 13; Donald F. Crosby,
God, Church, and Flag: Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the Catholic Church, 1950-1957
(University of North Carolina Press, 1978), p.35; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
(Houghton Mifflin, 1965), pp. 107-8; see also Goodwin, p. 635.

[
Kennedy and liberalism
]: see Schlesinger, pp. 9-19; Burns,
Profile,
pp. 73-81, 132-36, 264-68; Crosby, pp. 106-7; Herbert S. Parmet,
Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy
(Dial Press, 1980), pp. 175-82, 188-89, 461-62,and ch. 26; David Burner and Thomas R. West,
The Torch Is Passed: The Kennedy Brothers and American Liberalism
(Atheneum, 1984), ch. 3
passim.

[
Schlesinger on Kennedy
’
s detachment
]: Schlesinger, p. 108; see also Goodwin, pp. 752-55.

[
Kennedy
’
s womanizing
]: see Joan Blair and Clay Blair, Jr.,
The Search For JFK
(Berkley, 1976),
passim;
Wills, chs. 1-2.

311
[
Curley
]: Joseph F. Dineen,
The Purple Shamrock: The Hon. James Michael Curley of Boston
(Norton, 1949); James Michael Curley,
I
’
d Do It Again
(Prentice-Hall, 1957); Russell, pp. 191-212; Shannon, ch. 12.

[
Kennedy
’
s first congressional campaign
]: Parmet, ch. 10; Whalen, ch. 22; Blair and Blair, part 4; Goodwin, pp. 705-21; Koskoff, pp. 405-9; Burns,
Profile,
ch. 4; Kennedy, pp. 306-20.

[
The two Joseph Russos
]: Koskoff, p. 407; Cutler, p. 308; independent anonymous source.

[
Kennedy in the House
]: Blair and Blair, chs. 41-43; Parmet, chs. 11-12; Burns,
Profile,
ch. 5; Goodwin, ch. 40.

312
[“
Felt like a worm there
”]: Interview with Senator John F. Kennedy, 1959.

[
Kennedy
’
s Senate campaign
]: Parmet, ch. 13; Burns,
Profile,
ch. 6; Goodwin, pp. 755-68; Kennedy, pp. 320-27; Crosby, pp. 108-11; Whalen, ch. 23; Koskoff, pp. 413-17.

312
[
Kennedy
’
s distance from other Democrats
]: see Parmet, p. 254.

[
Joe Kennedy and the
Post]: Koskoff, pp. 415-16; Whalen, pp. 429-31; Parmet, pp. 242-43.

313
[
Kennedy and McCarthyism
]: Burns,
Profile,
ch. 8; Crosby, pp. 108-13, 205-16; Parmet, pp. 243-52, 300-11.

The Southern Poor

[
Macon County, 1930s
]: Charles S. Johnson,
Shadow of the Plantation
(University of Chicago Press, 1934; reprinted 1979), p. 100.

314
[
FDR on the South
]: message to the Conference on Economic Conditions of the South, July 4, 1938, in
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt,
Samuel I. Rosenman, comp. (Random House, 1938-50), vol. 7, pp. 421-22, quoted at p. 421.

[
Proportion of American poor black families in South
]: Alan Batchelder, “Poverty: The Special Case of the Negro,” in Louis A. Ferman, Joyce L. Kornbluh, and Alan Haber, eds.,
Poverty in America
(University of Michigan Press, 1965), p. 114.

[Plessy
v.
Ferguson?: 163 U.S. 537 (1896).

[
Black poverty and class structure in South
]: see John Dollard,
Caste and Class in a Southern Town,
3rd ed. (Doubleday Anchor, 1957), ch. 5 and
passim;
Morton Rubin,
Plantation County
(University of North Carolina Press, 1951), pp. 123-32 and passim, Nathan Hare, “Recent Trends in the Occupational Mobility of Negroes, 1930-1960: An Intracohort Analysis,”
Social Forces,
vol. 44, no. 2 (December 1965), pp. 166-73; Batchelder in Ferman et al., pp. 112-19; Tom Kahn, “The Economics of Equality,” in
ibid.,
pp. 153-72; Vivian W. Henderson,
The Economic Status of Negroes: In the Nation and in the South
(Southern Regional Council, 1963); Charles S. Johnson,
Growing Up in the Black Belt: Negro Youth in the Rural South
(1941; Schocken Books, 1907); Johnson,
Shadow;
Robert Coles,
Children of Crisis
(Little, Brown, 1967-78), vol. 2, chs. 4, 7; V. O. Key, Jr.,
Southern Politics in State and Nation
(Knopf, 1949), esp. part 5; Truman M. Pierce et al.,
White and Negro Schools in the South: An Analysis of Biracial Education
(Prentice-Hall, 1955); see also Neil R. Peirce,
The Deep South States of America
(Norton, 1974); Jack Bass and Walter DeVries,
The Transformation of Southern Politics: Social Change and Political Consequence Since 1945
(Basic Books, 1976).

[
Peonage
]: Pete Daniel,
The Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901-1969
(University of Illinois Press, 1972), p. 188 and
passim.

[
Rowan in the South
]: Rowan,
South of Freedom
(Knopf, 1952).

[“
Momma, momma
”]:
ibid.,
p. 40.

315
[
Black migration from Southeast, 1950s
]: Selz C. Mayo and C. Horace Hamilton, “The Rural Negro Population of the South in Transition,”
Phylon,
vol. 24, no. 2 (July 1963), p. 165.

[
Decline in proportion of American blacks in Southeast, 1940-60]: ibid.,
p. 161.

[
Decline in black farm population
]:
ibid.
(Table 1).

[
Migrant workers
]: Dale Wright,
They Harvest Despair: The Migrant Farm Worker
(Beacon Press, 1965); Truman Moore,
The Slaves We Rent
(Random House, 1965); Michael Harrington,
The Other America: Poverty in the United States
(Macmillan, 962), pp. 48-56; Coles, vol. 2, chs. 3, 8.

[
Black migration within South and economic opportunities
]: Mayo and Hamilton, pp. 162, 166-71.

[
Black women as household or service laborers
]:
ibid.,
p. 168 (Table 5).

316
[
Appalachia
]: Harry M. Caudill,
Night Comes to the Cumberlands: A Biography of a Depressed Area
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1963), esp. parts 5-7; William J. Page, Jr., and Earl E. Huyck, “Appalachia: Realities of Deprivation,” in Ben B. Seligman, ed.,
Poverty as a Public Issue
(Free Press, 1965), pp. 152-76; Laurel Shackelford and Bill Weinberg,
Our Appalachia
(Hill and Wang, 1977); Roul Tunley, “The Strange Case of West Virginia,”
Saturday Evening Post,
vol. 232, no. 32 (February 6, 1960), pp. 19-21, 64-66; William H. Turner, “Blacks in Appalachian America: Reflections on Biracial Education and Unionism,”
Phylon,
vol. 44, no. 3 (1983), pp. 198-208.

[“
Low income, high unemployment
”]: Page and Huyck, p. 153.

[“
Fire every damn Nigger
”]: Interview with Milburn (Big Bud) Jackson, in Shackelford and Weinberg, pp. 300-3, quoted at p. 302.

316
[
Harlan County
]: see John W. Hevener,
Which Side Are You On?
:
The Harlan County Coal Miners, 1931-39
(University of Illinois Press, 1978); G. C. Jones,
Growing Up Hard in Harlan County
(University Press of Kentucky, 1985).

[
TVA
]: David E. Lilienthal,
TVA: Democracy on the March
(Harper, 1953); Frank E. Smith,
Land Between the Lakes
(University Press of Kentucky, 1971); Gordon R. Clapp,
The TVA: An Approach to the Development of a Region
(University of Chicago Press, 1955); Caudill, pp. 318-24.

317
[
Texas
]: Robert A. Caro,
The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power
(Knopf, 1982), esp. ch. 1; T. R. Fehrenbach,
Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans
(Macmillan, 1968); George N. Green,
The Establishment in Texas Politics: The Primitive Years, 1938-1957
(Greenwood Press, 1979); Neil R. Peirce,
The Megastates of America
(Norton, 1972), pp. 495-563; Key, ch. 12.

317-18
[
Johnson, birth to Senate
]: Caro; Alfred Steinberg,
Sam Houston
’
s Boy
(Macmillan, 1968), chs. 1-27; Doris Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
(Harper, 1976), chs. 1-3; Ronnie Dugger,
The Politician: The Life and Times of Lyndon Johnson, The Drive For Power, from the Frontier to the Master of the Senate
(Norton, 1982), parts 1-10; Merle Miller,
Lyndon: An Oral Biography
(Putnam, 1980), ch. 1; Sam Houston Johnson,
My Brother Lyndon
(Cowles Book Co., 1970), chs. 2-4; Seth S. McKay,
W. Lee O
’
Daniel and Texas Politics, 1938-1942
(Texas Tech Press, 1944), ch. 6; Monroe Billington, “Lyndon B. Johnson and the Blacks: The Early Years,”
Journal of Negro History,
vol. 42, no. 1 (January 1977), pp. 26-42; T. Harry Williams, “Huey, Lyndon, and Southern Radicalism,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 40, no. 2 (September 1973), pp. 267-93.

318
[“
Endless chains
”]:
Megastates,
p. 509.

[
Jones
]: Bascom N. Timmons
, Jesse H. Jones: The Man and the Statesman
(Henry Holt, 1956); Jesse H. Jones and Edward Angly,
Fifty Billion Dollars: My Thirteen Years with the HFC
(Macmillan, 1951).

319
[
Texas oilmen
]: Carl Coke Rister,
Oil! Titan of the Southwest
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1949); Richard O’Connor,
The Oil Barons: Men of Greed and Grandeur
(Little, Brown, 1971); Ed Kilman and Theon Wright,
Hugh Roy Cullen: A Story of American Opportunity
(Prentice-Hall, 1954); Harry Hurt III,
Texas Rich: The Hunt Dynasty from the Early Oil Days through the Silver Crash
(Norton, 1981); John Bainbridge,
The Super-Americans
(Doubleday, 1961).

[
Johnson
’
s 1948 Senate campaign
]: Steinberg, chs. 28-29, “Landslide Lyndon” quoted at p. 276; Dugger, chs. 52-58.

[
Johnson in the Senate
]: Rowland Evans and Robert Novak,
Lyndon B. Johnson: The Exercise of Power
(New American Library, 1966), chs. 3-10; William S. White,
The Professional: Lyndon B. Johnson
(Houghton Mifflin, 1964), chs. 10-11; Kearns,
Johnson,
chs. 4-5 and pp. 379-84; Steinberg,
Johnson,
chs. 30-54; Miller, ch. 2; Alfred Steinberg,
Sam Rayburn
(Hawthorn Books, 1975), ch. 26; Dugger, part 12; William S. White,
Citadel: The Story of The U.S. Senate
(Houghton Mifflin, 1968), pp. 88-89, 101-5, 201-2, 209-10, and
passim.

[
Kearns on Johnson
’
s election as party whip
]: Kearns,
Johnson,
p. 102.

321
[
FDR and civil rights
]: Harvard Sitkoff,
A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue
(Oxford University Press, 1978); Raymond Wollers,
Negroes and the Great Depression: The Problem of Economic Recovery
(Greenwood Publishing, 1970); John B. Kirby, “The Roosevelt Administration and Blacks: An Ambivalent Legacy,” in Barton J. Bernstein and Allen J. Matusow, eds.,
Twentieth-Century America: Recent Interpretations,
2nd ed. (Harcourt, 1972), pp. 265-88.

[
Truman and civil rights
]: Donald R. McCoy and Richard T. Ruetten,
Quest and Response: Minority Rights and the Truman Administration
(University Press of Kansas, 1973), chs. 9, 13, and
passim;
Barton J. Bernstein, “The Ambiguous Legacy: The Truman Administration and Civil Rights,” in Bernstein, ed.,
Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration
(Quadrangle, 1970), pp. 269-314.