American Experiment (432 page)

343
[“
There are limits
”]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy,
p. 705. [
Kennedy on danger of escalation
]: see Kahin, p. 138.

[
Kennedy and Diem coup
]: Rust, chs. 6-10; Kahin, ch. 6; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
pp. 981-98; Karnow, ch. 8.

[“
Thwart a change
”]: quoted in Karnow, p. 295.

344
[
Kennedy Administration assumptions about Third World aspirations
]: see Robert A. Pakenham,
Liberal America and the Third World
(Princeton University Press, 1973), esp. pp. 59-85 and chs. 3-4.

[
Bowles on Kennedy Administration
]: Bowles,
Promises to Keep: My Years in Public Life, 1941-1969
(Harper, 1971), pp. 435-36, quoted at p. 435; see also Bowles, “Reminiscences,” Oval History Project, Columbia University (1963), pp. 841, 846.

[“
That institutional arrangement
”]: Schumpeter,
Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy
(Harper, 1942), p. 269.

[
Erikson on Gandhi and his followers
]: see Erik H. Erikson,
Gandhi
’
s Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence
(Norton, 1969), p. 408; see also Richard H. Solomon,
Mao
’
s Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture
(University of California Press, 1971).

Onward, Christian Soldiers

[
Martin Luther King, Jr., other leaders, and the civil rights struggle
]: Primary correspondence (1955-68), esp. box 1, King Library and Archives, Martin Luther King, Jr., Center, Atlanta.

[
Parks
]: Howell Raines,
My Soul Is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered
(Putnam, 1977), pp. 40-42, 44; David L. Lewis,
King
(Praeger, 1970), pp. 47-48; George R. Metcalf,
Black Profiles
(McGraw-Hill, 1968), pp. 255-64.

[“
Time had just come
”]: Parks radio interview with Sidney Roger, 1956 (Pacifica Radio Archive, Los Angeles); Raines, p. 44.

349
[
Highlander
]: Aldon D. Morris,
The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change
(Free Press, 1984), pp. 139-57; Frank Adams and Myles Horton,
Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander
(John F. Blair, 1975).

[“
A unified society
”]: quoted in Adams and Horton, p. 122.

349
[
Montgomery boycott
]: Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story
(Harper, 1958); Lewis, ch. 3; Stephen B. Oates,
Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr.
(Harper, 1982), pp. 64-107; Morris, pp. 40-63; Raines, book 1, ch. 1.

[“
Beat this thing
”]: Raines, p. 44.

[“
Gift of laughing people
”]: King,
Stride,
p. 74.

[
King
]: David J. Garrow,
Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(Morrow, 1986); Oates; Lewis; Hanes Walton, Jr.,
The Political Philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr.
(Greenwood Publishing, 1971); August Meier, “The Conservative Militant,” in C. Eric Lincoln, ed.,
Martin Luther King, Jr.
(Hill and Wang, 1970), pp. 144-56; Sidney M. Willhelm, “Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Black Experience in America,”
Journal of Black Studies,
vol. 10, no. 1 (September 1979), pp. 3-19.

350
[“
Old Testament patriarch
”]: Oates, p. 8.

[“
Real father
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 12.

[
King
’
s studies
]: see
ibid.,
pp. 17-41; David J. Garrow, “The Intellectual Development of Martin Luther King, Jr.: Influences and Commentaries,”
Union Seminary Quarterly Review,
vol. 40 (January 1986), pp. 5-20; John J. Ansbro,
Martin Luther King, Jr.: The Making of a Mind
(Orbis Books, 1982).

351
[
King
’
s address at mass meeting
]: King,
Stride,
pp. 61-63, quoted at p. 63; see also Oates, pp. 69-72.

[“
Military precision
”]: quoted in King,
Stride,
p. 77.

[“
My feet is tired
”]: quoted in Oates, pp. 76-77.

351-2
[
King and nonviolence
]:
ibid.,
pp. 23, 30-33, 77-79; Lewis, ch. 4
passim;
Ansbro, esp. chs. 4, 7; Walton, esp. ch. 4; Warren E. Steinkraus, “Martin Luther King’s Personalism and Nonviolence,”
Journal of the History of Ideas,
vol. 34, no. 1 (January-March 1973, pp. 97-111.

[
Till
]: Oates, p. 62.

[
White southern ideology
]: see W. F. Cash,
The Mind of the South
(Knopf, 1941); I. A. Newby,
Jim Crow
’
s Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900-1930
(Louisiana State University Press, 1965); Lawrence J. Friedman, “The Search for Docility: Racial Thought in the White South, 1861-1917,”
Phylon,
vol. 31, no. 3 (Fall 1970), pp. 313-23; Neil R McMillen,
The Citizens
’
Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-1964
(University of Illinois Press, 1971), part 3
passim;
James G. Cook,
The Segregationists
(Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962); Julia K. Blackwelder, “Southern White Fundamentalists and the Civil Rights Movement,”
Phylon,
vol. 40, no. 4 (Winter 1979), pp. 334-41; David C. Colby, “White Violence and the Civil Rights Movement,” in Laurence W. Moreland et al., eds.,
Blacks in Southern Politics
(Praegcr, 1987), pp. 31-48; Charles W. Chesnutt,
The Marrow of Tradition
(1901; reprinted by Arno Press, 1969); James W. Silver,
Mississippi: The Closed Society
(Harcourt, 1964); John Hope Franklin and Isidore Starr, eds.,
The Negro in Twentieth Century America
(Vintage, 1967), pp. 34-38; Reese Cleghorn, “The Segs,” in Harold Hayes, ed.,
Smiling Through the Apocalypse: Esquire
’
s History of the Sixties
(McCall Publishing, 1969), pp. 651-68; Bertram W. Doyle,
The Etiquette of Race Relations in the South: A Study in Social Control
(1937 reprinted by Kennikat Press, 1968).

[“
Other South
”]: Carl N. Degler,
The Other South: Southern Dissenters in the Nineteenth Century
(Harper, 1974); William Peters,
The Southern Temper
(Doubleday, 1959), esp. chs. 7, 10.

[“
I
’
m a Jew
”]: quoted in Peters, p. 126.

[
Golden
’
s plan
]:
ibid.,
pp. 125-26.

[“
Great period of Southern dissent
”]: Degler, p. 371.

[“
Kill Him!
”] Peters, p. 117.

[
Racist stereotypes
]: see Cook,
Segregationists,
pp. 15, 17, 18, 51, 59, 213, 223, and
passim.

[
Racism, anti-Semitism, anticommunism
]: see McMillen, ch. 10; Cook,
Segregationists,
chs. 4, 7, and pp. 293-303.

[
Blacks in southern textbooks
]: Melton McLaurin, “Images of Negroes in Deep South Public School State History Texts,”
Phylon,
vol. 32, no. 3 (Fall 1971), pp. 237-46, “bright rows” quoted at p. 239; see also Franklin and Starr, pp. 45-52.

354
[
Citizens
’
Commis
]: McMillen; Cook,
Segregationists,
ch. 2; Samuel DuBois Cook, “Political Movements and Organizations,” in Avery Leiserson, ed.,
The American South in The ***’s
(Praeger, 1964), pp. 130-53, esp. pp. 133-44; see also David M. Chalmers,
Hooded Americanism: The First Century of the Ku Klux Klan, 1865-1965
(Doubleday,1965), esp. chs. 46-48; Wyn Craig Wade,
The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America
(Simon and Schuster, 1987), chs. 10-12.

354
[
Councils
’
platform
]: quoted in Cook,
Segregationists,
p. 51.

[
Southern politics
]: V. O. Key, Jr.,
Southern Politics in State and Nation
(Knopf, 1949); Numan V. Bartley,
The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950s
(Louisiana State University Press, 1969); Bartley and Hugh D. Graham,
Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), esp. ch. 3; Cook, “Political Movements”; Donald R. Matthews and James W. Prothro,
Negroes and the New Southern Politics
(Harcourt, 1966); Earl Black, “Southern Governors and Political Change: Campaign Stances on Racial Segregation and Economic Development, 1950-1969,”
Journal of Polities,
vol. 33 (1971), pp. 708-19; McMillen, esp. ch. 14; Cash,
passim;
Cook,
Segregationists,
esp. ch. 8; Silver, chs. 1-3; Robert Sherrill,
Gothic Politics in the Deep South: Stars of the New Confederacy
(Grossman, 1968).

[
Key on southern politics
]: Key, p. 4.

355
[“
Employing the powerful weapons
”]: Cook, “Political Movements,” p. 136.

[
Ashmore on restrictive legislation
]:
ibid.,
p. 133.

[
Black churches
]: Morris, pp. 4-12; Benjamin E. Mays and Joseph W. Nicholson,
The Negro
’
s Church
(1933; reprinted by Negro Universities Press, 1969), ch. 17 and
passim;
Charles V. Hamilton,
The Black Preacher in America
(Morrow, 1972); James H. Cone,
Black Theology and Black Power
(Seabury Press, 1969), ch. 4; William H. Pipes,
Say Amen, Brother
!:
Old-Time Negro Preaching, A Study in American Frustration
(1951; reprinted by Negro Universities Press, 1970).

[
Frazier on Negro church
]: quoted in Morris, p. 60.

[“
Common church culture
”]:
ibid.,
p. 11.

356
[
Formation of SCLC and its strategic foundering
]: Garrow,
Bearing,
ch. 2; Oates, pp. 122-24, 129-30, 144-46, 156-58; Morris, chs. 4-5; Harvard Sitkoff,
The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1980
(Hill and Wang, 1981), pp. 64-66; Louis E. Lomax,
The Negro Revolt
(Harper, 1962), pp. 92-96.

[“
Unite community leaders
”]: Morris, p. 46. [“
Rare talent
”]: Lerone Bennett, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 94.

[
CORE
]: August Meier and Elliott Rudwick,
CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968
(Oxford University Press, 1973), part 1; Morris, pp. 128-38. [
Lunch-counter sit-ins
]: Howard Zinn,
SNCC: The New Abolitionists
(Beacon Press, 1964), ch. 2; Clayborne Carson,
In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s
(Harvard University Press, 1981), ch. 1; Morris, ch. 9; Raines, book 1, ch. 2
passim;
Meier and Rudwick, ch. 4; Miles Wolff,
Lunch at the 5 & 10: The Greensboro Sit-ins
(Stein & Day, 1970); William H. Chafe,
Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom
(Oxford University Press, 1980), ch. 3.

[“
I
’
m sorry
”]: quoted in Raines, p. 76.

357
[“
Instilled within each other
”]: Franklin McCain, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 75. [“
Like a fever
”]: quoted in Carson, p. 12.

[“
Time to move
”]: quoted in Morris, p. 201.

[
Baker
]: Morris, pp. 102-4; Zinn, pp. 32-33; Ellen Cantarow and Susan Gushee O’Malley, “Ella Baker: Organizing for Civil Rights,” in Cantarow et al.,
Moving the Mountain: Women Working for Social Change
(Feminist Press/McGraw-Hill, 1980), pp. 52-93; Mary King,
Freedom Song
(Morrow, 1987), pp. 42-43.

[
Baker and SCLC
]: see Morris, pp. 103-4, 112-15, Cantarow and O’Malley, p. 84; Garrow,
Bearing,
pp. 120-21, 131, 141.

358
[
Formation of SNCC
]: Morris, pp. 215-21; Carson, ch. 2; James Forman,
The Making of Black Revolutionaries
(Macmillan, 1972), ch. 29; Raines, book 1, ch. 2
passim,
and book 1, ch. 5; Zinn, pp. 33-36; Oates, pp. 154-55.

[“
Direct their own affairs
”]: Baker interview with Clayborne Carson, New York, May 5, 1972.

[“
Foundation of our purpose
”]: SNCC founding statement, in Judith C. Albert and Stewart E. Albert, eds.,
The Sixties Papers: Documents of a Rebellious Decade
(Praeger, 1984), quoted at p. 113.

[“
He
is
the movement
”]: Ella Baker, “Developing Community Leadership,” in Gerda Lerner, ed.,
Black Women in White America
(Pantheon, 1972), quoted at p. 351. [“
We are all leaders
”]: quoted in Morris, p. 231.

[An American Dilemma]: Myrdal,
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modem Democracy
(“Twentieth Anniversary Edition”: Harper, 1962), quoted at p. 1023.

[
King on Bay of Pigs
]: quoted in Oates, p. 173.

[
King-Kennedy meeting
]:
ibid.,
p. 172; see also Harris Wofford, O
f Kennedys and Kings: Making Sense of the Sixties
(Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1980), pp. 128-29.

[
The Kennedy White House and the civil rights movement
]: Burke Marshall Papers, esp. boxes 17-19, John F. Kennedy Library.

[“
Or the Devil himself
”]: quoted in Carl M. Brauer,
John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction
(Columbia University Press, 1977), p. 48.

[‘“
Terrible ambivalence
”’]: Schlesinger,
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
(Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 930; see also Brauer, ch. 3; James L. Sundquist,
Politics
a
nd Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years
(Brookings Institution, 1968), pp. 256-59; John Hart, “Kennedy, Congress and Civil Rights,”
Journal of American Studies,
vol. 13, no. 1 (April 1979), pp. 165-78; Steven F. Lawson,
Black Ballots: Voting Rights
i
n the South, 1944-1969
(Columbia University Press, 1976), ch. 9; Wofford, ch. 5; Bruce Miroff,
Pragmatic Illusions: The Presidential Politics of John F. Kennedy
(David McKay, 1976), ch.
6 passim;
Victor S. Navasky,
Kennedy Justice
(Atheneum, 1971), pp. 96-99.