American Experiment (437 page)

[“Growing with such acuteness
”]: quoted in Hoopes, p. 216.

[“
Establishment bastards
”]: quoted in Herring, p. 206.

[“
President is confronted
”]: Lippmann, “This Draft Is Difficult to justify,” Washington
Post,
March 24, 1968, p. B3. [
LBJ in polls, post-Tet
]: Herring, pp. 201-2.

[
McCarthy campaign and New Hampshire primary
]: David S. Broder, “Election of 1968,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of American Presidential Elections
(Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 4, pp. 3716-18; Theodore H. White,
The Making of the President 1968
(Atheneum, 1969), ch. 3
passim;
Lewis Chester et al.,
An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968
(Viking, 1969), ch. 3; Vogelgesang, pp. 142-46; Sidney Hyman,
Youth in Politics: Expectations and Realities
(Basic Books, 1972), pp. 97-133; David Halberstam, “McCarthy and the Divided Left,”
Harper
’
s,
vol. 236, no. 1414 (March 1968), pp. 32-44; Gitlin,
Sixties,
pp. 294-97.

[
Kennedy
’
s dilemma and entry into race
]: Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
Robert Kennedy and His Times
(Houghton Mifflin, 1978), chs. 37-38; David Halbersham,
The Unfinished Odyssey of Robert Kennedy
(Random House, 1968), ch. 1; Broder, pp. 3718-19; Kearns, pp. 338-39; Chester et al., pp. 105-26.

412
[
Poll on public support for bombing
]: John Mueller,
War, Presidents and Public Opinion
(Wiley, 1973), p. 72 (Table 4, 3).

413
[
LBJ
’
s withdrawal
]: in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965-70), vol. 5, part 1, pp. 469-76, quoted at p. 476; see also “The President’s News Conference of March 31, 1968,” in
ibid.,
pp. 476-82; Johnson, ch. 18; Turner, pp. 233-48; Herring, pp. 207-9; Kearns, ch. 12
passim;
Schlesinger,
Kennedy,
pp. 868-69; McPherson, pp. 430-35; Lady Bird Johnson,
A White House Diary
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), pp. 642-47; Schandler, ch. 15; Gitlin,
Sixties,
p. 304.

[“
Rioting blacks, demonstrating students
”]: quoted in Kearns, p. 343.

[
King
’
s assassination and rioting
]: Manchester, pp. 1128-29; Oates, pp. 483-98; Lewis, pp. 383-92;
Newsweek,
vol. 71, no. 16 (April 15, 1968), pp. 31-34;
ibid.,
vol. 71, no. 17 (April 22, 1968), pp. 24-26; Schlesinger,
Kennedy,
pp. 874-75; Garry Wills, “Martin Luther King Is
Still on the Case
, ”] in Hayes, pp. 731-50.

[
Columbia rising
]: Jerry L. Avorn et al.,
Up Against the Ivy Wall: A History of the Columbia Crisis
(Atheneum, 1969); Fact-Finding Commission on Columbia Disturbances,
Crisis at Columbia
(Vintage, 1968); Joanne Grant,
Confrontation on Campus: The Columbia Pattern for the New Protest
(Signet, 1969); Daniel Bell, “Columbia and the New Left,” in Bell and Irving Kristol, eds„
Confrontation: The Student Rebellion and the Universities
(Basic Books, 1969), pp. 67-107; Michael A. Baker et al.,
Police on Campus: The Mass Police Action at Columbia University, Spring, 1968
(New York Civil Liberties Union, 1969).

[“
Go all the way
”]: Avorn et al., p. 61.

414
[“
Violence going to stop?
”]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Kennedy,
p. 874.

[“
Year of the barricades
”]: Caute, “free art, free theatre,” quoted at p. 71.

[Kennedy campaign]:
Schlesinger,
Kennedy,
chs. 39-41; Halberstam,
Odyssey,
chs. 2, 4-6; White, pp. 166-79; Chester et al., pp. 127-79
passim
and 297-349
passim;
Carl Solberg,
Hubert Humphrey
(Norton, 1984), chs. 28-30.

[“
Sad rather than cold
”]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Kennedy,
p. 756.

[
The poor
“
are hidden
”]: quoted in Halberstam,
Odyssey,
p. 9.

[
Liberal McCarthyites’ anger at Kennedy
]: see Schlesinger,
Kennedy,
pp. 859-61, 896-99.

[“
Personalization of the presidency
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 893.

[
Kennedy
’
s assassination
]: Chester et al., pp. 349-62; Schlesinger,
Kennedy,
pp. 907-16; see also Gitlin,
Sixties,
pp. 310-11; Miller, pp. 287-88, 292-94.

[
Broder on shock of assassination
]: Broder, p. 3725.

[
Chicago convention
]:
ibid.,
pp. 3731-39; White, ch. 9; Chester et al., ch. 10; Daniel Walker,
Rights in Conflict
(E. P. Dutton, 1968); Donald Myrus, ed.,
Law of Disorder: The Chicago Convention and Its Aftermath
(Donald Myrus and Burton Joseph, 1968); David Farber,
Chicago
’
68
(University of Chicago Press, 1988); Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 175-201; Gitlin,
Sixties,
ch. 14; Miller, pp. 295-306; Sale, pp. 472-77; Norman Mailer,
Miami and the Siege of Chicago
(World Publishing, 1968), part 2; Caute, chs. 15-16; Solberg, ch. 31; Dellinger,
Revolutionary Nonviolence,
part 5.

415
[
Ribicoff on
“
Gestapo tactics
”]: quoted in Broder, p. 3739.

[
Nixon
’
s nomination
]:
ibid.,
pp. 3709-15, 3725-31; White, chs. 2, 5, 8; Chester et al., chs. 5, 9; Richard Nixon,
Memoirs
(Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), pp. 297-316; Mailer,
Miami,
part 1.

[
Presidential campaign, fall 1968
]: Broder, pp. 3739-50; White, part 3; Chester el al., chs. 11-12; Marshall Frady, “The American Independent Party,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of U.S. Political Parties
(Chelsea House, 1973), vol. 4, pp. 3429-44; Jody Carlson,
George C. Wallace and the Politics of Powerlessness
(Transaction Books, 1981), chs. 1-2, 7-9; Solberg, chs. 32-34; Nixon, pp. 316-35; George Christian,
The President Steps Down
(Macmillan, 1970); Philip E. Converse et al., “Continuity and Change in American Politics; Parties and Issues in the 1968 Election,”
American Political Science Review,
vol. 63, no. 4 (December 1969), pp. 1083-1105; Benjamin I. Page and Richard A. Brody, “Policy Voting and the Electoral Process: The Vietnam War Issue,”
ibid.,
vol. 66, no. 3 (September 1972), pp. 979-95. [“
Irate buffalo
”]: Fady, p. 3441.

416
[“
Master of ambiguity
”]: Page and Brody, p. 987.

[“
Alternated between protestations
”]:
ibid.,
p. 989.

[“
Dime
’
s worth of difference
”]: quoted in Carlson, p. 131.

[“
Ask my Attorney General
”]: quoted in Page and Brody, p. 992.

[
Election results
]: Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 4, p. 3865; and Broder, pp. 3707, 3750-52; see also Page and Brody; Richard W. Boyd, “Popular Control of Public Policy: A Normal Vote Analysis of the 1968 Election,”
American Political Science Review,
vol. 66, no. 2 (June 1972), pp. 429-49.

[
Broder on 1968 election
]: Broder, p. 3705.

Into the Quicksand

[
Inaugural protest
]:
New York Times,
January 20, 1969, “militant—but for the most part genial,” quoted at p. 21;
ibid.,
January 21, 1969, p. 24; see also Gitlin,
Whole World,
p. 214.

417
[
Lippmann on
“
new Nixon
”]: quoted in Steel, p. 589; see also Jonathan Schell,
The Time of Illusion
(Knopf, 1976), p. 20.

[
White on Nixon
]: White,
Making 1968,
p. 143. 

[
Nixon
’
s election night promises]:
quoted in Schell, p. 17.

[
Nixon
’
s Vietnam strategy
]: Richard M. Nixon, “Asia After Viet Nam,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 46, no. 1 (October 1967), pp. 111-25; Henry A. Kissinger, “The Viet Nam Negotiations,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 47, no. 2 (January 1969), pp. 211-34; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 347-51; Tad Szulc,
The Illusion of Peace: Foreign Policy in the Nixon Years
(Viking, 1978), pp. 23-31; Seymour M. Hersh,
The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House
(Summit, 1983), ch. 4; Roger Morris,
Uncertain Greatness: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy
(Harper, 1977), pp. 149-54; Herring, pp. 221-26; Gelb and Belts, pp. 348-50, 354-58.

[“
We will not make
”]: quoted in Herring, p. 221.

[“
Seek the opportunity
”]: Address to the Nation on Vietnam, May 14, 1969, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971-75), vol. 1, pp. 369-75, quoted at p. 371.

418
[“
War for peace
”]: quoted in Herring, p. 223.

[“
Not going to end up
”]: quoted in H. R. Haldeman and Joseph DiMona,
The Ends of Power
(Times Books, 1978), p. 81. [“
Madman Theory, Bob
”]:
ibid.,
p. 83.

[
Peak level of American Troops
]: see Richard Dean Burns and Milton Leitenberg,
The Wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, 1941-1982: A Bibliographic Guide
(ABC-Clio Information Services, 1984), p. 144 (Table 4).

[
Secret Cambodian bombing
]: see William Shawcross,
Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia
(Simon and Schuster, 1979), ch. 1; Hersh, ch. 5; Szulc, pp. 36-39, 52-61; Karnow, pp. 589-92; Schell, pp. 32-38; U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary,
Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States: Report,
93rd Congress, 2nd Session (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974), pp. 217-19; Henry Kissinger,
White House Years
(Little, Brown, 1979), pp. 239-54.

419
[“
Only by revolutionary violence
”]: Giap, “The South Vietnamese People Will Win,” in Russell Stetler, ed.,
The Military Art of People
’s
War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap
(Monthly Review Press, 1970), pp. 185-225, quoted at p. 213.

[
Nixon
’
s
“
Vietnamization
”]: FitzGerald, pp. 404-14; Gelb and Betts, pp. 349-50; Herring, pp. 229-32; Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 271-77.

[
American attitudes toward the South Vietnamese
]: see FitzGerald, chs. 10-14, 16-17
passim.

420
[
Numbers of South Vietnamese troops, late 1969
]: Herring, p. 231.

[
Demoralization and decay among American troops
]: David Cortright,
Soldiers in Revolt: The American Military Today
(Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1975), chs. 1-2; Richard Boyle,
The Flower of the Dragon: ‘The Breakdown of the U.S. Army in Vietnam
(Ramparts Press, 1972); Herring, pp. 243-44; John Helmer,
Bringing the War Home: The American Soldier in Vietnam and After
(Free Press, 1974); Baskir and Strauss, ch. 4; Cincinnatus; Edward Shils, “A Profile of the Military Deserter,”
Armed Forces and Society,
vol. 3, no. 3 (May 1977) pp. 427-31; Alfred W. McCoy,
The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia
(Harper, 1972), pp. 181-85 and
passim;
Col. Robert D. Heinl, Jr., “The Collapse of the Armed Forces,” in Marvin E. Gettleman et al., eds.,
Vietnam and America: A Documented History
(Grove Press, 1985), pp. 322-31.

420
[
My Lai
]: Seymour M. Hersh,
My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and Its Aftermath
(Random House, 1970); U.S. Department of the Army,
The My Lai Massacre and Its Cover-up
(Free Press, 1976); Seymour Hersh,
Cover-up: The Army
’
s Secret Investigation of the Massacre at My Lai 4
(Random House, 1972); Boyle, pp. 127-43.

[
Service people against the war
]: Cortright, part 1
passim:
Matthew Rinaldi, “The Olive-Drab Rebels: Military Organizing During the Vietnam Era,”
Radical America,
vol. 8, no. 3 (May-June 1974), pp. 17-52.

[
Draft offenders
]: Baskir and Strauss, pp. 5 (Figure 1) and 69 (Figure 4); see also
ibid.,
ch. 3; G. David Curry.
Sunshine Patriots: Punishment and the Vietnam Offender
(University of Notre Dame Press, 1985); Willard Gaylin,
In the Service of Their Country: War Resisters in Prison
(Viking, 1970).

[
Exiles
]: Baskir and Strauss, p. 169 (Figure 7) and ch. 5; Renee G. Kasinsky,
Refugees from Militarism: Draft-Age Americans in Canada
(Transaction Books, 1976).

421
[
Women Against Daddy Warbucks
]:
New York Times,
July 3, 1969, pp. 1, 5;
ibid.,
July 4,1969, pp. 1-2; Ferber and Lynd, pp. 202, 210-11;Women Against Daddy Warbucks, “Our Statement,” in Robin Morgan, ed.,
Sisterhood Is Powerful
(Vintage, 1970), p. 530.

[
Baltimore draft office action
]:
New York Times,
October 28, 1967, p. 5; Zaroulis and Sullivan, p. 230; Ferber and Lynd, pp. 201-2.

[
Catonsville Nine
]:
New York Times,
May 18, 1968, p. 36; Ferber and Lynd, ch.
14 passim;
Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 229-37
passim;
see also William Van Elten Casey and Philip Nobile, eds.,
The Berrigans
(Praeger, 1971); Jack Nelson and Ronald J. Ostrow,
The FBI and the Berrigans: The Making of a Conspiracy
(Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1972). [“
Some property has no right
”]: quoted in
New York Times,
May 18, 1968, p. 36.

[
SDS internal quarrels
]: Sale, chs. 22-23; Freines, ch. 6; Gitlin,
Whole World,
ch. 6; Gitlin,
Sixties,
pp. 377-91; Miller, pp. 284-85, 311-13.