America's Fiscal Constitution (102 page)

     
politics,
94
,
95–96
,
98
,
112
,
116
,
117
,
121
,
129
,
130
,
134
,
135

Sherman, Mary,
94

Sherman, William “Cump”

     
background,
94
,
95

     
Civil War and,
103–104
,
118

     
presidential election (1876) and,
117

     
Sioux and,
116

Shultz, George,
261

Shutdown of government (1995–1996),
317

Silver/certificates,
80
,
117–118
,
126
,
131–132
,
135
,
136

Simmons, Furnifold,
160

Simpson-Bowles budget plan (Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform),
352
,
399

Sioux and Black Hills of South Dakota,
115–116

Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution,
156–157

Sixty Million Jobs
(Harry A. Wallace),
213

Slavery

     
Calhoun defending,
83–84

     
Democrats and,
89

     
election of 1844 and,
83–84

     
Free Soilers and,
88

     
fugitive slave laws,
88

     
Great Awakening,
83

     
John Quincy Adams opposition to,
83
,
84
,
87

     
Matilda/trial (runaway slave),
88

     
opposition to (1830s–1840s),
83

     
political parties and,
86
,
87
,
88–90

     
revolt in Saint-Domingue (1802),
46

     
territories and,
86
,
89–90

     
Texas annexation and,
84

Smith, Adam,
28

Smith, Al,
174

Smith, Harold,
222

Smith, Robert,
52

Smith, Samuel,
52
,
64

Snow, Jack,
334

Social Security

     
1950s culture changes and,
232

     
1970 status,
263

     
1972 Amendments,
264–265

     
2013 statistics on,
296

     
actuarial imbalance,
296

     
administering,
196–197

     
amendments,
6
,
7
,
198
,
199
,
230
,
231
,
253
,
264–265

     
Baby Boomers and,
294
,
295
,
320–321
,
322
,
327
,
332
,
341
,
368
,
404

     
background,
6
,
195–196

     
budget accounting and,
198–199
,
229
,
230–231
,
295

     
changes (1954–1971),
263–264

     
Cold War costs and,
230

     
expansion hopes (after Korean War),
227

     
Greenspan Commission on,
294–296
,
340

     
legislation in 2000s,
229

     
“lockbox” metaphor,
325

     
passage of act,
7
,
197
,
230

     
payroll taxes and,
6–7
,
196
,
197–198
,
231
,
232
,
251
,
254
,
278
,
282
,
295
,
296
,
350–351

     
privatization proposal and,
340–341

     
reforms in 1950s,
228–232

     
trust funds and,
6–7
,
10
,
13
,
198–199
,
230
,
258
,
265
,
294–296
,
322
,
330
,
340
,
341
,
350
,
368
,
382

Social Security Act,
6–7
,
196
,
197
,
198
,
228
,
232

Social Security Old Age and Survivors Trust Fund,
6–7
,
230
,
340
,
350

Social Security Reform Act (1983),
295–296
,
368

Soviet Union

     
atomic bomb and,
221

     
China and,
221

     
Sputnik
,
242

     
US relations following Stalin’s death,
242

     
war with Afghanistan,
276
,
375

     
See also
Cold War
;
specific individuals

Spanish-American War,
135–136
,
151
,
156

Specie Resumption Act,
116
,
117

Spooner Act,
142

Sputnik
,
242

Stalin, Joseph

     
death,
242

     
post-World War II/Cold War and,
212
,
215
,
218
,
225
,
228

     
World War II and,
212

“Stalwarts,”
121
,
122

Stein, Herbert,
261
,
320

Stephens, Alexander,
107

Stevens, Thaddeus

     
fiscal policies,
93
,
105–106
,
115

     
paper currency and,
106

Stevenson, Adlai,
235

Stockman, David

     
background,
279–280

     
Reagan and,
283
,
286
,
287
,
288
,
293

Strike by coal miners (1902),
143

Sumner, Charles,
87
,
89
,
90

Sununu, John,
306

Supplemental Security Income,
264

Supreme Court

     
Great Depression farm program and,
193

     
income taxes (late 1800s),
133

     
Roosevelt’s “court-packing scheme,”
200

Surplus.
See
Federal surplus

Taft-Radcliffe amendment to Employment Act (1946),
222

Taft, Robert

     
background,
5
,
210

     
beliefs/political actions,
4–5
,
220–221
,
222
,
236

     
conservatives and,
213

     
Medicaid precursor and,
7
,
231
,
232

     
Truman and,
4–5
,
214

     
World War II/postwar finances and,
5
,
207
,
208
,
210
,
213–214
,
216
,
220
,
226

Taft, William Howard

     
fiscal policies,
151

     
presidency,
147–148
,
153

     
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. and,
145
,
153

Taft’s Commission on Economy and Efficiency,
170–171

Taiwan’s economy,
277

Talleyrand, Maurice,
41
,
47
,
48
,
49

Tammany Hall,
122
,
129
,
153
,
154
,
167
,
168

Tariff of Abominations (1828),
74
,
76
,
77

TARP (Troubled Asset Relief Program),
187
,
346

Taussig, Frank,
114

Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (1982),
292

Tax Reform Act (1969),
260

Tax Reform Act (1986),
176
,
300–302

Tax Relief Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization and Job Creation Act (2010),
350

Taxes

     
Alternative Minimum Tax,
260
,
322
,
344

     
California revolts (starting 1978),
278

     
complexity of code,
277

     
Congress (1700s),
25
,
26

     
Constitution writing and,
24

     
effects on economy,
62

     
estate/inheritance taxes,
177

     
extension of Bush-era tax cuts (2012),
353

     
on incomes/estates (late 1800s/early 1900s),
136

     
late 1970s–early 1980s changes,
276–278

     
loopholes,
276

     
reform and,
398–401

     
Tax Reform Act (1969),
260

     
Tax Reform Act (1986),
176
,
300–302

     
War for Independence and,
1

     
World War I and,
159–160
,
161–164

     
See also specific tax types

Taxpayer Relief Act (2013),
353
,
396

Taylor, John,
50

Taylor, Maxwell,
241

Taylor, Zachary,
88–89

Tea Party (original),
23
,
42

Tea Party/rallies,
351

Technology-based stocks/drop,
324
,
327

Tecumseh,
79

Temin, Peter,
80

Texas annexation

     
Mexican-American War/Mexican Cession and,
84–85
,
86

     
slavery and,
84

Think tank beginnings,
171

Thurmond, Strom,
219

Tilden, Samuel

     
election of 1876,
116–117

     
as governor,
122–123

     
as reformer,
122–123

Townsend, Francis,
195

Traditions in US

     
committee organization of Congress,
67

     
presidential power on appointees,
67

     
presidential terms and,
67

     
standing army,
67

     
See also
Fiscal Tradition

Treatise on Political Economy
(Say),
53

Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP),
187
,
346

Truman, Harry

     
background,
5
,
214