America's Fiscal Constitution (97 page)

     
taxes and,
184
,
185
,
186
,
193–194

     
unemployment,
183
,
184
,
188
,
194
,
195
,
200
,
202
,
223

     
See also
Social Security

Great recession of 2008.
See
Recession of 2008

Greenspan, Alan

     
fiscal policies,
267
,
304
,
309
,
321
,
329
,
332
,
340–341

     
on George W. Bush administration,
329

Hamaguchi, Osachi,
188

Hamilton, Alexander

     
dinner with Jefferson/Madison (1790),
30–32

     
federal debt reporting and,
37–38

     
federal taxing power and,
24
,
25

     
Federalist Papers,
24

     
Gallatin and,
37
,
39

     
import tax and,
20

     
Jefferson’s presidency and,
42

     
leaving post with Treasury,
39

     
national bank/functions and,
29
,
33–35

     
Philadelphia meeting and,
21–22
,
24

     
potential French invasion and,
42

     
refinancing US debt,
32
,
33

     
scandal/Reynolds’s wife,
30

     
as Secretary of the Treasury,
26
,
29
,
32
,
33–35
,
37
,
38
,
39
,
56
,
60

     
spending/taxing views,
29

     
War of Independence debts,
20
,
21

     
Washington and,
38

     
wife (Eliza),
31

Hance, Kent,
286–287

Hanna, Mark

     
background,
129

     
fiscal policies,
146

     
Panama Canal,
142

     
politics/Republican Party and,
129
,
134
,
135
,
136
,
137
,
141
,
236–237

Harding, Warren

     
election of 1920 and,
167
,
168

     
presidency,
168–169
,
171

     
self-description,
168

Harper, Robert Goodloe,
41

Harper’s Magazine
,
152

Harrison, Benjamin,
129
,
131

Harrison, William Henry,
82

Harvey, George,
152

Hastert, Dennis,
335
,
336

Hatch, Orrin,
318

Hayek, Frederick,
202

Hayes, Rutherford

     
Civil War and,
120

     
election/presidency,
116
,
117
,
118
,
121

Hearst, George,
129–130

Heller, Walter,
243

Henry, Patrick,
24

Highway program/financing (following Korean War),
227
,
239–241

Highway Trust Fund,
239
,
240

Hitler, Adolf,
207

Hoar, George,
130

Hofstadter, Richard,
166

Hollings, Ernest,
267

Homeless population and Reagan’s policies,
279

Hoover, Herbert

     
background,
189

     
commission to identify waste/inefficiency,
220

     
fiscal policies,
151
,
179
,
220
,
338

     
Franklin Roosevelt and,
200
,
331

     
Great Depression and,
184
,
185
,
186
,
187
,
188
,
189
,
190
,
201–202
,
347

     
Harding administration,
169

     
presidency,
132
,
164
,
180
,
196

     
public works/debt and,
132

     
unemployment and,
179–180

House, Edward,
195

House of Representatives

     
“money bills” and,
23

     
origins Philadelphia meeting (1787) and,
23

     
salary raise (early 1800s),
61–62

     
See also specific individuals

Houston, David,
166

Hudson River aristocracy,
86

Humphrey, George,
236–237

Humphrey, Hubert,
249

Hussein, Saddam,
334

Ickes, Harold,
194

Immigration/immigrants

     
from 1845–1854,
85

     
by 1872,
119

     
by 1900,
135

     
anti-immigration groups,
89

     
discrimination post-World War I and,
167

     
early 1900s/New Jersey,
152

     
parties opposed to open immigration,
93

     
settling interior lands,
125

Import tax (1700s)

     
Congress and,
26

     
proposals for,
20

Import taxes/fees

     
changes (early 1900s),
145–146
,
147

     
Civil War and,
104–105
,
114

     
early 1800s,
51
,
60
,
66–67
,
71
,
73–75
,
76

     
importance (1800s),
128

     
Nixon and,
262

     
Panic of 1819,
64–65

     
Panic of 1837,
80

     
Panic of 1857,
98

     
regional conflicts/presidential election (1828) and,
71
,
73–75

     
Walker Tariff (1846),
85

Income taxes

     
Bryan and,
133

     
Civil War and,
108
,
114
,
209

     
corporate income tax,
147
,
163–164
,
208
,
397
,
399

     
corporate taxation limits,
397

     
deductions/exemptions (World War II era),
210–211

     
filing returns beginnings,
211

     
fiscal year ending June 1916,
160

     
Korean War and,
226–227

     
limits on,
396–398

     
loopholes,
276

     
media campaign on paying/filing (World War II era),
211

     
Mellon and,
170

     
Mellon’s reforms,
174–177

     
mortgage deductions,
211

     
overview,
396–398

     
reform/Sixteenth amendment to the Constitution,
156–157

     
Revenue Act (1942),
208–209
,
211
,
337

     
Revenue Act (1964),
249

     
statistics (1953–1989),
301–302

     
Supreme Court (late 1800s),
133

     
surtaxes,
156–157
,
162
,
163
,
208
,
259–260
,
278

     
tax evasion and,
114
,
175

     
War Revenue Act of 1917

     
changes,
162–163

     
withholding from wages beginnings,
211

     
World War I and,
209

     
World War II/changes,
208–211

Independent Democrat/Party,
93
,
95–96

Inheritance/estate taxes,
177

Iran

     
American hostages,
276
,
281

     
revolution (1979),
276

Iraq War (US)

     
costs/financing with debt,
11–12
,
227
,
333
,
337–338
,
376

     
proclaiming end of combat operations (2003),
334

     
resistance movements,
334

     
tax cut and,
10

     
See also
War on Terror

“Iron Curtain” origins,
215

Jackson, Andrew

     
background,
73
,
75–76

     
Battle of New Orleans,
58–59
,
78

     
Clay and,
76
,
77

     
election of 1825 and,
70

     
election of 1832 and,
78

     
on fitness for presidency,
73

     
Louisiana Purchase and,
50

     
Nicholas Biddle’s Bank of the United States and,
80

     
opposition organization,
77

     
paying off debt and,
75–76
,
78

     
presidency,
76–79

     
presidential election and Van Buren,
72–75

     
rewarding political allies/punishing opponents,
76

     
shooting incidents,
78

     
slaves and,
73

     
surplus distribution to states,
78–79

     
Texas annexation and,
84

     
on treasonable conduct,
77

     
veto use,
76
,
77

     
War of 1812 and,
56
,
58–59

     
War of Independence and,
58

Jackson, Henry “Scoop,”
275
,
276
,
281

Jacobins/antifederalists,
35
,
41

Japan

     
China and,
381

     
economy,
277

     
Great Depression and,
188