Ancient Iraq (65 page)

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Authors: Georges Roux

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43
.
H. LENZEN
, ‘Ein Goldkranz aus Warka‘,
Sumer
, XIII (1957), pp. 205 – 6. On this tomb, the date of which has not been determined with certainty, cf.
UVB
, XV (1959), pp. 27 – 34; XVI (1960), pp. 23 – 9.

44
.
G. LE STRANGE
,
The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate
, 3rd ed., London, 1966, pp. 26 – 9.

Epilogue

I
.
W. W. TARN
,
La Civilisation Hellénistique
, Paris, 1936, pp. 219 – 37.

2
. A list of these words will be found in
H. W. F. SAGGS
,
The Greatness that was Babylon
, London, 1962, pp. 493 – 5. This book also contains other examples of our Mesopotamian heritage.

3
.
J. BOTTERO
, ‘L‘Assyriologie et notre histoire‘,
Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne
, VII, Paris, 1981, p. 95.

4
. Numerous studies have been devoted to the relations between the Greek and Oriental civilizations. They include:
R. M. HAY-WOOD
,
Ancient Greece and the Near East
, London, 1965;
M. L. WEST
,
Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient
, London, 1971;
H. A. HOFFNER
(ed.),
Orient and Occident, (AOAT
, 22), Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1973; D.
KAGAN
,
Problems in Ancient History
, I,
The Ancient Near East and Greece
, New York, 1975.

5
.
E. PORADA
, ‘The cylinder seals found at Thebes in Beotia‘,
AfO
, XXVIII (1981 – 2), pp. 1 – 70;
J. A. BRINKMAN
, ‘The Western Asiatic seals found at Thebes in Greece’,
ibid
., pp. 73 – 7.

6
.
C. H. GORDON
,
Before the Bible
, London, 1962, pp. 9, 132.

7.
J. FILLIOZAT
, ‘Pronostic médicaux akkadiens, grecs et indiens’,
Journal Asiatique
, CCXL (1952), pp. 299 – 321;
M. SANDRAIL
,
Les Sources akkadiennes de la Pensée et de la Méthode hippocratiques
, Toulouse, 1953.

8
.
C. H. GORDON
, op. cit., pp. 49 – 97, 218 – 77.
R. GRAVES
,
The Greek Myths
, Harmondsworth, 1957, II, p. 89.

9
. See, for instance,
R. D. BARNETT
, ‘Ancient Oriental influences on archaic Greece‘, in
The Aegean and the Near East, Studies presented to H. Goldman
, New York, 1956, pp. 212 – 38;
R. A. JAIRAZBHOY
,
Oriental Influences in Western Art
, London, 1965.

10
.
M. ROSTOVTZEFF
,
The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World
, Oxford, 1941, I, p. 84.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES
 
I. PREHISTORY
 
 

PERIOD

MESOPOTAMIA

TECHNICAL AND
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
IN MESOPOTAMIA

DATES
B.C.

NORTH

SOUTH

c
. 70000

MIDDLE
PALEOLITHIC

Barda Balka

Neanderthal hunter-gatherers living in caves and rock shelters
.

Shanidar D
(
c
. 60–35000)

Hazar Merd

35000

UPPER
PALEOLITHIC

Shanidar C
(
c
. 34–25000)

Homo sapiens sapiens.
Improvement and diversification of stone implements. Wider food spectrum
.

25000

(
Hiatus
)

12000

Shanidar B
2

Zarzi.
Palegawra

9000

MESOLITHIC

Shanidar B
1

Microlithic tools and weapons. Obsidian imported. Bone work. First clay figurines. First groups of dwellings. Beginnings of animal domestication
.

Zawi Chemi Shanidar

8000

Karim Shehir
Mlefaat

Mureybet

Bus Mordeh

7000

NEOLITHIC

Jarmo

Ali Kosh

Progressive domestication of animals and edible plants. Villages. Invention of pottery. First baked bricks
.

6000

CHALCOLITHIC

Umm Dabaghiuah

Use of copper. First mural paintings. Irrigation agriculture. First seals. First temples. Decorated luxury ware. Clay and alabaster figurines. Wide use of brick
.

HASSUNA
Yarim Tepe 1
Matarrah

5500

    
SAMARRA
    T. Sawwan

        
HALAF
        Yarim Tepe 2
        Arpachiya

OUEILI
(Ubaid O)

5000

ERIDU
(Ubaid 1)

            Choga Mami

4500

HAJJI MUHAMMAD
(Ubaid 2)

NORTH UBAID

SOUTH UBAID

4000

Tepe Gawra

el-‘Ubaid, Ur

Temples and houses of increasing size and complexity
.

3750

and numerous other sites

and numerous other sites

Terracotta sickles and pestles
.

URUK PERIOD

Tepe Gawra

Urbanization. Potter's wheel. Swing-plough. Sail. Metal work (bronze, gold, silver). First cylinder-seals. Invention of writing
(
c
. 3300).
Development of sculpture. Expanding trade
.

Qalinj Agha, Grai
Resh, Habuba Kabira
and numerous other sites

Uruk
, Tell ‘Uqair
and numerous other sites

ANCIENT BRONZE

Tell Brak

---------------------

3000

NINEVEH V

JEMDAT NASR

Early Dynastic I

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

2700

City-states. Fortified towns. Development of writing
.

Early Dynastic II

Administrative archives from Fara and Abu Salabikh
.

HISTORIC

2500

Early Dynastic III

 
II. EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD (
c
. 2900 – 2384
B.C.
)
 

 

 
III. DYNASTIES OF AKKAD, GUTIUM AND UR III (
c
. 2334–2004
B.C.
)
 
 
DATES
B.C.
AKKAD/UR
URUK/ISIN
GUTI/LARSA
LAGASH
MARI
DYNASTY OF AKKAD
Lugalzagesi
 
Sharru-kîn (Sargon)
(2334–2279)
Sargon takes Mari and Ebla
 
2300
Rimush (2278–2270)
Manishtusu (2269–2255)
 
2250
Narâm-Sîn
(2254–2218)
Lugal-ushumgal (2230–2200)
Narâm-Sîn conquers
Mari and destroys Ebla
 
2200
Shar-kalli-sharri
(2217–2193)
DYNASTY OF GUTIUM
21 Guti Kings down to 2120
SHAKKANAKKU
Ididish
Shu-Dagan
Isma-Dagan
(2199–2154)
 
Anarchy
Shu-Turul (2168–2154)
URUK IV
The Guti invade
Akkad and Sumer
ENSI OF LAGASH
Ur-Baba (2155–2142)
Nur-Mêr
Ishtup-Ilum
2150
Ur-nigina (2153–2147)
Ur-gigira (2146–2141)
+3 kings
Gudea
(2141–2122)
Ur-Ningirsu (2121–2118)
Pirig-me (2117–2115)
Ur-gar (2114)
Nam-mahazi (2113–2111)
Ishkun-Addu
UR III
URUK V
Utu-hegal
(2123–2113)
Tiriqan (x-2120)
Apil-Kin
(2126–2091)
Ur-Nammu
(2112–2095)
2100
GOVERNORS OF LAGASH VASSALS OF UR
Shulgi
(2094–2047)
Ur-Ninsuna
Ur-Ninkimara
Lu-kirilaza
Iddin-Ilum
Ilum-Ishtar
Turam-Dagan
(2071–2051)
 
2050
Amar-Sîn (2046–2038)
Shu-Sîn (2037–2029)
Ibbi-Sîn
(2028–2004)
DYNASTY OF ISIN
Ishbi-Erra
(2017–1985)
DYNASTY OF LARSA
Naplânum
(2025–2005)
Ir-Nanna
Puzur-Ishtar
(2050–2025)
Hilal-Erra
 
2000
Fall of Ur
(2004)
Emisum (2004–1977)
Lagash becomes independent
(2023)
Hanun-Dagan
(2016–2008)

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